Influence of one-step and two-step KOH activation on activated carbon characteristics

Oginni, Oluwatosin; Singh, Kaushlendra; Oporto, Gloria S.; Dawson-Andoh, Benjamin; McDonald, Louis M.; Sabolsky, Edward M.

doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100266

Cited by 135 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Activated carbon (AC), as defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), is a well-developed porous structure with several surface functionalities [1]. AC plays a contributory role in addressing the current demands of adsorbents for various applications because of its fine characteristics, like large surface area, chemical inertness, thermal stability, and mechanical strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BET, FTIR, and RAMAN characterizations of activated carbon from wasteoil fly ash

Ali¹,

Aslam²,

Shawabkeh³

et al. 2020

Turk J Chem

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Activated carbon (AC), a porous material with high pore volume, attracts increasing attention owing to its potential applications in several fields. The development of a porous structure in AC marginally relies on both the treatment methods and the type of precursor. Thus far, both renewable and nonrenewable precursor sources have been used to synthesize AC with high surface area and pore volume. This study presents the synthesis of AC via physicochemical treatment of waste oil fly ash (OFA), a waste material produced from power plants. The aim was to produce AC by adding surface pores and surface functional groups to the basal plane of OFA. Toward this objective, OFA was first chemically leached/activated with various combinations of H 2 SO 4 and H 3 PO 4 , and then physically activated with CO 2 at 900°C. The chemical activation step, synergistically combined with CO 2 activation, resulted in an increase of 24 times the specific surface area of the OFA. The maximum increase in surface area was obtained for the sample physicochemically treated with 100% H 2 SO 4. Moreover, the spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of acid functional groups after the chemical treatment step. To explore the surface heterogeneity, adsorptive potential distribution in terms of surface energy was also discussed as a function of the surface coverage. Following chemical activation, the OFA surface became heterogeneous. A major portion of the AC showed surface energy in the range of 40-50 erg/K, which was further increased as a result of physical activation at a higher temperature. Thus, the synergism created by physicochemical activation resulted in a material with high surface area and pore volume, and excellent adsorption characteristics. From the findings of this study, it was concluded that OFA is a cost-effective and environmentally benign precursor for the synthesis of AC.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BET, FTIR, and RAMAN characterizations of activated carbon from wasteoil fly ash

Ali¹,

Aslam²,

Shawabkeh³

et al. 2020

Turk J Chem

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show abstract

“…D band is related to lattice defect and used to represent the disorder degree of graphite carbon, while G band is related to the vibration of sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice [52]. The ratio of the relative intensity of D band and G band (I D /I G ) is proportional to the crystalline degree of carbon materials [53]. The I D /I G values of the samples increased from 0.74 to 0.97 with the carbonization temperature increasing from 500 to 800°C, suggesting the presence of more defect sites.…”

Section: Characterization Of Porous Carbon Monolithmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile preparation of magnetic porous carbon monolith from waste corrugated cardboard box for solar steam generation and adsorption

Cao

2020

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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Porous carbon monoliths (PCMs) were prepared from waste corrugated cardboard box (WCCB) via slurrying in FeCl 3 solution followed by molding and thermal treatment. The thermal process was analyzed by a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The evolution of physicochemical characteristics of PCMs was studied. The photothermal conversion and solar steam generation performances of the optimal sample (PCM Fe/600 ) were evaluated. The adsorption properties of PCM Fe/600 for methylene blue (MB) were investigated. Results showed that Fe 3+ promoted the breaking of cellulose chains in WCCB, leading to the occurrence of pyrolysis of WCCB at lower temperatures and the reduction of activation energy by 76.63 kJ mol −1 . Char yield raised because volatile radicals were captured by FeCl 3 -derived amorphous Fe(III) species, then involved in char formation. Amorphous Fe(III) continuously converted into Fe 3 O 4 crystallites with carbonization temperature increasing from 400 to 700°C, then α-Fe was formed at 800°C via the carbothermal reduction of Fe 3 O 4 . FeCl 3 was favorable to the formation of a developed microporous structure. Surface area significantly increased with carbonization temperature increasing from 400 to 600°C due to the removal of volatiles. The etching of carbon by Fe 3 O 4 above 700°C also led to the increase of surface area. PCM Fe/600 exhibited higher optical absorption than other samples due to its high graphite degree and porosity. It also had excellent photothermal performance; thus, solar steam yield was 1.46 times that of the pure water with the assistance of PCM Fe/600 . PCM Fe/600 in floating state was effective in adsorption of MB from water. Besides, the adsorption behavior fitted Langmuir model with a monolayer adsorption capacity reached up to 70.9 mg g −1 .

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“…Basically, the main purpose of activation process is to increase the pore volume, enhance the pore volume and enlarge the pore diameter [16]. Any material with high carbon content and low inorganic, can be used as the raw material such as forest, agriculture and municipal wastes, lignite, petroleum pitch, coal and lignocellulosic biomass to produce activated carbon [10]. Besides, different precursors of vegetables type such as oils, husks, pits and seeds from plants and fruits and polymeric materials can be used to produce activated carbon.…”

Section: Preparation Of Activated Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For examples, they often being used as catalysts, adsorbents and catalyst support [2]. According to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), activated carbon is defined as a porous carbon material which can react with gases and chemical before, during or after the activation process in order to improve the adsorptive properties [10]. The wellstructured porous structure and surface chemical functionalities strengthen the interaction between polar and non-polar adhesion [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), activated carbon is defined as a porous carbon material which can react with gases and chemical before, during or after the activation process in order to improve the adsorptive properties [10]. The wellstructured porous structure and surface chemical functionalities strengthen the interaction between polar and non-polar adhesion [10]. Normally, the pore size volume is range from 0.20-0.60 cm 3 /g, surface area range from 800-1500 m 2 /g and the pore diameter is smaller than 2nm (Leimkuehler, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mini review of carbon based additive in machining lubricant

Radhiyah

Li²

2020

JMMST

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Milling process is a major machining process used in various type of industries. This process is used to manufacture components such as impellers and structural parts in aerospace industry. Several problems can be arising during the machining operation because 99% of work done produces heat to the chip, the tool and also the workpiece . The temperature of the tool may rise up to 1000oC and this could lead to accelerate the tool wear rate and also the finishing of the surface of the workpiece. In order to improvise this phenomenon, various type of cutting fluid is used in milling operation to use to reduce the temperature of the workpiece. In general, the fluids are used when cutting the workpiece to lower the heat generated at the interface of the tool chip and also the friction on the workpiece. There are four main types of cutting fluid when commonly found in the market which is straight oils, synthetic fluids, soluble oils and the semi-synthetic fluids. This paper is reviewing on the additive for lubricant and their tribology properties.

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Influence of one-step and two-step KOH activation on activated carbon characteristics

Cited by 135 publications

References 35 publications

BET, FTIR, and RAMAN characterizations of activated carbon from wasteoil fly ash

BET, FTIR, and RAMAN characterizations of activated carbon from wasteoil fly ash

Facile preparation of magnetic porous carbon monolith from waste corrugated cardboard box for solar steam generation and adsorption

Mini review of carbon based additive in machining lubricant

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