Influence of Simulated Rainfall on the Retention of Sludge Heavy Metals by the Leaves of Forage Crops

Jones, S. G.; Brown, K. W.; Deuel, Lloyd E.; Donnelly, Kirby C.

doi:10.2134/jeq1979.00472425000800010015x

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…They suggested that other forage crops and sludges might have different results. This was confirmed by Jones et al (1979), who reported that Bell Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) retained 58-67% more sludge than common Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) because of its larger leaf blades, ligules and overlapping sheaths. The leaf area to mass ratios for both grasses were approximately equal.…”

Section: Adhesion Of Sludge Solidsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Short‐term leaf surface adhesion of heavy metals following application of sewage sludge to grassland

Aitken

1997

Grass and Forage Science

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In the short term, surface‐applied, digested, liquid sewage sludge may remain on grass leaf surfaces, leading to enhanced direct intake of potentially toxic elements by stock. The purpose of this field experiment was to investigate metal adhesion to herbage from liquid sewage sludge applications. Liquid digested sludge was applied at 0, 55 or 110 m3 ha−1 to an Agrostis capillaris and Holcus lanatus sward that had been cut to either 4 cm (short) or 13 cm (long). The application rate of metals was relatively low. One day after application (day 1), 8–13% of the sludge solids applied had adhered to the short grass treatment, accounting for 35–62% of the dry‐matter (DM) yield. On the long grass, 20–42% of the sludge dry solids adhered, accounting for 46–47% of the herbage DM yield. The content of all heavy metals in and on the grass herbage (Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd) was significantly increased (P < 0·05) at day 1. Cu concentrations in and on the grass decreased to 25 mg kg−1 after 16–29 d, Fe took 33–45 d to decline to 1000 mg kg−1 whereas Pb took 12–18 d to decline to 30 mg kg−1. It took 36 d for Cd, 43 d for Fe, Cu and Ni, and 57 d for Zn and Pb to be not significantly (P < 0·05) different from the control. Grass growth was the most significant factor(P < 0·05 for all treatments and metals) influencing the decline in grass metal concentration, explaining 65–96% of the variation. The cutting treatment, sludge application rate and metal species also significantly affected the extent and rate of reduction in metal contamination over time.

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Section: Adhesion Of Sludge Solidsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Short‐term leaf surface adhesion of heavy metals following application of sewage sludge to grassland

Aitken

1997

Grass and Forage Science

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“…The results from this study indicate that the extent of gypsum adherence varies from those observed with biosolids. With biosolids, it has been shown that substantial adherence to forage and other plant species can be expected, especially if allowed to dry (Chaney et al, 1987; Jones et al, 1979). Also, rainfall events will not remove the adhering biosolids particles, which have been shown to persist throughout the growing season (Chaney and Lloyd, 1979).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other studies, differences in biosolids adherence and persistence were noted between different forage species (Aitken, 1997; Chaney et al, 1987). Rainfall immediately after fluid biosolids application removed most of the initially adhering biosolids (Jones et al, 1979). Current USEPA guidelines state that biosolids should be applied to closely clipped forage and stipulates a 30‐d waiting period after surface application of biosolids before grazing is resumed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Potential Adherence of Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum to Forage as a Consideration for Excessive Ingestion by Ruminants

Torbert

Chaney²,

Watts

2017

J of Env Quality

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Gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO⋅2HO) has long been used to improve soils and crop production, and its use has recently been encouraged by the USDA-NRCS for soil conservation through a new Conservation Practice Standard: Code 333. However, there is concern regarding the adverse effects of excessive direct ingestion of sulfate in gypsum by ruminants. The standard requires ruminants to be removed from grazing after application until after a rainfall, but there has been no research documenting gypsum adherence to forage or the potential for rainfall to reduce gypsum adherence. A study was established to examine the adherence and persistence of gypsum on different forage species. Two forages (bermudagrass [ L.] and tall fescue [ Schreb.]) were examined after gypsum applications at rates of 0, 1, and 5 Mg ha. The forage was sampled immediately after application, 1 wk after application, after a 1.5-cm rain, and after a 3.3-cm rain. Immediately after gypsum application, more gypsum adhered to the tall fescue (27.9 g gypsum kg) compared with bermudagrass (8.6 g gypsum kg), likely due to differences in the leaf structure. This represents S concentrations of 0.16 and 0.52% for any grazing ruminants feeding exclusively on the bermudagrass and tall fescue pastures. On succeeding sampling dates, substantial amounts of gypsum persisted only on the wider-leaved tall fescue. With tall fescue, a difference in gypsum adherence could be observed after a 1.5-cm rain, but no significant difference was observed between the gypsum application and the control after an additional 3.3-cm rain. Results indicate that care should be observed with grazing after gypsum application, especially on wide-leaved forages. However, using application rates within normal agronomic beneficial use guidelines (NRCS standard 333), negative results from direct ingestion of gypsum are not likely if grazing is discontinued several weeks and until a rainfall event occurs.

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“…In several studies (Jones et al, 1979;Chaney and Lloyd, 1979;Klessa and Desira-Buttigieg, 1992;Aitken, 1997) conflicting evidence of binding of elements to herbage has been reported. Klessa and Desira-Buttigieg (1992) and Aitken (1997) used an 'adhesion index' (AI) to compare retention of metals on the day of sludge application: AI ¼ ðTreatment À controlÞ metal offtake Weight of metal applied Klessa and Desira-Buttigieg (1992) and Aitken (1997) used a similar experimental design, although the sludges used differed in DM content (2 and 68 g kg )1 , respectively).…”

Section: Adhesion Of Ptm To Herbage From Surface Applied Sewage Sludgementioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of sewage sludge to grassland: a review of the legislation to control of the localization and accumulation of potential toxic metals in grazing systems

Hillman

Hill

Morgan

et al. 2003

Grass and Forage Science

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The recycling of sewage sludge or biosolids to grassland is strategically important in the European Union (EU) and its use is tightly regulated to control the risk of pathogen transfer to animals and the food chain. Sewage sludges not only contain valuable concentrations of beneficial nutrients, but also elevated concentrations of potentially toxic metals (PTM) compared with average background concentrations in the soil. The EC and UK regulations refer to six PTM, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni and Hg, with provisional regulations for Cr, that have to be controlled to prevent detrimental effects on soil and animal health. Despite these regulations, there is still a danger that grazing animals may ingest elevated concentrations of PTM. Biosolids may adhere to herbage after the surface application of sewage sludge to grassland. The repeated surface application of sewage sludge to grassland can lead to elevated concentrations of PTM at the soil surface that may be ingested, together with soil and herbage, by grazing ruminants. This may lead to accumulation of Cd or Pb in liver or kidney. The risk to the human food chain is considered to be low, but the impact on the environment is still unknown. There is little information, for example, on the amount of soil and PTMs that may become incorporated into conserved grass. At present EU and UK legislation and voluntary codes of practice have been developed to protect animal from pathogens in sewage sludge and to minimize any potential risks from accumulation of PTM. The background and implementation of the legislation are examined in this review, and the source and mechanisms of accumulation of PTM by the grazing animal are evaluated.

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Influence of Simulated Rainfall on the Retention of Sludge Heavy Metals by the Leaves of Forage Crops

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Short‐term leaf surface adhesion of heavy metals following application of sewage sludge to grassland

Short‐term leaf surface adhesion of heavy metals following application of sewage sludge to grassland

Potential Adherence of Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum to Forage as a Consideration for Excessive Ingestion by Ruminants

Recycling of sewage sludge to grassland: a review of the legislation to control of the localization and accumulation of potential toxic metals in grazing systems

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