Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) adversely affects cancer patients. We had previously demonstrated that the
BDNF
Val66Met genetic polymorphism is associated with lower odds of subjective CRCI in the multitasking and verbal ability domains among breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. To further assess our previous findings, we evaluated the association of
BDNF
Val66Met polymorphism with subjective and objective CRCI in a temporally separate cohort of patients and pooled findings from both the original (
n
= 145) and current (
n
= 193) cohorts in a meta-analysis. Subjective CRCI was assessed using FACT-Cog. Objective CRCI was evaluated using computerized neuropsychological tests. Genotyping was carried out using Sanger sequencing. The association of
BDNF
Val66Met genotypes and CRCI was examined with logistic regression. A fixed-effect meta-analysis was conducted using the inverse variance method. In the meta-analysis (
n
= 338), significantly lower odds of CRCI were associated with Met allele carriers based on the global FACT-Cog score (OR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.29–0.94). Furthermore, Met allele carriers were at lower odds of developing impairment in the domains of memory (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.17–0.70), multitasking (OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.18–0.59), and verbal ability (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.24–0.88). Consistent with the previous study, lower odds of subjective CRCI among patients with the
BDNF
Met allele was observed after adjusting for potential confounders in the multitasking (OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.14–0.67) domain. In conclusion, carriers of the
BDNF
Met allele were protected against global subjective CRCI, particularly in the domains of memory, multitasking, and verbal ability. Our findings further contribute to the understanding of CRCI pathophysiology.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1007/s12035-018-1410-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.