Influence of the environment on the surface conductivity of chemical vapor deposition diamond

Foord, John S.; Lau, Chi Hian; Hiramatsu, Mineo; Jackman, Richard B.; Nebel, Christoph E.; Bergonzo, P.

doi:10.1016/s0925-9635(01)00689-6

Cited by 49 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…16 Much of the understanding of the effect comes from the study of the p-type surface conductivity of diamond exposed to humid air. [17][18][19][20] Transfer doping has also been observed in GaN and ZnO, 21 in Si nanowires, 22 and has recently been reviewed by Chen et al 23 Electrochemical surface transfer doping.-Adsorbed water films on solids exposed to humid air are well known 24 and the subject of major reviews. 25,26 Even highly hydrophobic surfaces can have up to three monolayers of adsorbed water at high humidity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemically Induced p-Type Conductivity in Carbon Nanotubes

Chakrapani

Суманасекера

Abeyweera

et al. 2013

ECS Solid State Letters

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Vacuum-annealed semiconducting single walled nanotubes are n-type, but become p-type when exposed to ambient air. Here we present evidence that this effect arises from pinning of the Fermi energy by the four-electron oxygen redox couple in an adsorbed water film, a type of surface transfer doping. The pronounced electrical sensitivity to O 2 , O 3 , NO 2 , SO 2 , NH 3 and HNO 3 vapors results from electron exchange between the redox couple and the nanotube. This effect must be considered when using nanotubes for any application in humid air. We also suggest that changes in the electrical properties of graphene and multi-walled nanotubes can be explained by this phenomenon.

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confidence: 99%

Electrochemically Induced p-Type Conductivity in Carbon Nanotubes

Chakrapani

Суманасекера

Abeyweera

et al. 2013

ECS Solid State Letters

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“…Another mechanism, including an atmospheric environment, was proposed by Maier et al [60] Supporting result were shown by Ri et al [61] , which were later confirmed by Foord et al [62], and Vittone et al [63]. According to this proposed mechanism, an H-terminated diamond surface requires an atmospheric adlayer for p-type surface conductivity to occur.…”

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…According to this proposed mechanism, an H-terminated diamond surface requires an atmospheric adlayer for p-type surface conductivity to occur. Foord et al [62] proposed that electron transfer takes place from the upper part of the valence band to an oxidative species in the physisorbed adsorbate. This type of charge transfer can be regarded as an electrochemical process where the upper diamond will be oxidized and the adlayer species reduced.…”

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Chemistry of Diamond

Larsson

2014

Topics in Applied Physics

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The diamond material possesses very attractive properties, such as superior electronic properties (when doped), in addition to a controllable surface termination. During the process of diamond synthesis, the resulting chemical properties will mainly depend on the adsorbed species. These species will have the ability to influence both the chemical and electronic properties of diamond. All resulting (and interesting) properties of a terminated diamond surface, make it clear that surface termination is very important for especially those applications in which diamond can function as an electrode material. Theoretical modeling has during the last decades been proven to become highly valuable in the explanation and prediction of experimental results. Simulation of the dependence of various factors influencing the surface reactivity, will aid important information about surface processes including surface stability, modification and functionalization. Other examples include thin film growth mechanisms and surface electrochemistry. IntroductionThe diamond material possesses very attractive properties, such as high transparency, high thermal conductivity at room temperature, radiation hardness, as well as an extreme mechanical hardness. In addition, diamond also exhibits superior electronic properties (including high carrier mobility), large electrochemical potential window, low dielectric constant, controllable surface termination, and a high breakdown voltage. Furthermore, when considering the well-known combination of chemical inertness and high degree of biocompatibility [1], diamond became recently a promising candidate for applications like artificial photosynthetic

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“…This result conflicts with some previous reports, where nonwater based adsorbates were required before significant surface conduction could be seen. 19,20 For example, in the work of Foord et al, 20 CVD diamond surfaces freshly hydrogenated in a microwave plasma were found to be insulating ͑as here͒, but even when exposed in situ to water vapor and other common atmospheric gases in individual exposures no conductivity was observed. However, exposure to water vapor followed by exposure to gases such as formic acid, oxygen, or carbon dioxide produced a large increase in conductivity, although nitrogen gas was found to be ineffective in this regard.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence in the current study, removable electrical probes have been deployed throughout. This approach has also been previously taken by Foord et al 20 Only small changes in the insulating character of the diamond surface were observed when surfaces freshly hydrogenated in a microwave plasma were exposed in situ to water vapor or a range of common gases in separate experiments. However, a large increase in surface conductivity was seen if the surface was first exposed to water vapor and then other gasses including oxygen, carbon dioxide, and formic acid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Influence of the postplasma process conditions on the surface conductivity of hydrogenated diamond surfaces

Snidero

Tromson

Mer

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physics

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It is a common observation that diamond surface conductivity rises after exposure to hydrogen plasmas. Hydrogenation treatments are known to induce a p-type conductive layer, which is not present on non-hydrogenated samples. However, the particular mechanisms predominant in the plasma treatment process are still controversial, and several antagonist conditions have been reported to be of importance, such as sample temperature ͑500°C to 800°C͒, duration ͑a few seconds to 1 h͒, and microwave ͑MW͒ power density, etc. Further, the post-plasma step is also crucial, especially since the surface conductivity has been reported to be affected by the presence of an adsorbate layer on the diamond surface. By setting up the arrangement to enable the in situ measurement of the surface conductivity after treatment, we have been able to control all parameters that could affect the surface conductivity, in order to determine those of importance. Among the parameters studied, we were able to analyze the influence of the surface temperature, the gas phase exposure ͑dry air, wet air, neutral gas, CH 4 , O 2 , and H 2 ), the MW plasma conditions (O 2 ,H 2 ) as well as the exposure to UV ͑Hg and deuterium͒ and the importance of the sequence and duration of each of these treatments. We found that hydrogenated surfaces are strongly influenced by the combination of wet air exposure and UV light. We noticed that the effect of UV light is persistent and cannot be related to direct photoconduction and has to be attributed to a modification of the trapped defect population. This can, therefore, be compared with the modification of filled defect density as observed in persistent photoconduction.

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Influence of the environment on the surface conductivity of chemical vapor deposition diamond

Cited by 49 publications

References 11 publications

Electrochemically Induced p-Type Conductivity in Carbon Nanotubes

Electrochemically Induced p-Type Conductivity in Carbon Nanotubes

Surface Chemistry of Diamond

Influence of the postplasma process conditions on the surface conductivity of hydrogenated diamond surfaces

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