Ingestion of cryptophyte cells by the marine photosynthetic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum

Yih, Wonho; Kim, Hyung Seop; Jeong, Hae Jin; Myung, Geumog; Kim, Young Geel

doi:10.3354/ame036165

Cited by 110 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Earlier studies have shown that bacterial production/distribution is closely linked to chlorophyll concentrations, as they utilize phytoplankton derived carbon, in the form of DOC (Fuhrman et al, 1980;Teeling et al, 2012). Feeding relationships between microzooplankton and flagellates have previously been observed for numerous dinoflagellate and ciliate species including Mesodinium rubrum (Yih et al, 2004;Johnson et al, 2007), which was also an abundant ciliate in the present study. Total ciliate abundance (and to a lesser extent that of dinoflagellates) was also very tightly coupled to that of the total flagellates suggesting a predator-prey relationship.…”

Section: Biological Communities: Transition From Freshwater To Marinesupporting

confidence: 54%

Phytoplankton community structure in the Lena Delta (Siberia, Russia) in relation to hydrography

et al. 2013

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Abstract. The Lena Delta in Northern Siberia is one of the largest river deltas in the world. During peak discharge, after the ice melt in spring, it delivers between 60-8000 m 3 s −1 of water and sediment into the Arctic Ocean. The Lena Delta and the Laptev Sea coast also constitute a continuous permafrost region. Ongoing climate change, which is particularly pronounced in the Arctic, is leading to increased rates of permafrost thaw. This has already profoundly altered the discharge rates of the Lena River. But the chemistry of the river waters which are discharged into the coastal Laptev Sea have also been hypothesized to undergo considerable compositional changes, e.g. by increasing concentrations of inorganic nutrients such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and methane. These physical and chemical changes will also affect the composition of the phytoplankton communities. However, before potential consequences of climate change for coastal arctic phytoplankton communities can be judged, the inherent status of the diversity and food web interactions within the delta have to be established. In 2010, as part of the AWI Lena Delta programme, the phyto-and microzooplankton community in three river channels of the delta (Trofimov, Bykov and Olenek) as well as four coastal transects were investigated to capture the typical river phytoplankton communities and the transitional zone of brackish/marine conditions. Most CTD profiles from 23 coastal stations showed very strong stratification. The only exception to this was a small, shallow and mixed area running from the outflow of Bykov channel in a northerly direction parallel to the shore. Of the five stations in this area, three had a salinity of close to zero. Two further stations had salinities of around 2 and 5 throughout the water column. In the remaining transects, on the other hand, salinities varied between 5 and 30 with depth. Phytoplankton counts from the outflow from the Lena were dominated by diatoms (Aulacoseira species) cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon, Pseudanabaena) and chlorophytes. In contrast, in the stratified stations the plankton was mostly dominated by dinoflagellates, ciliates and nanoflagellates, with only an insignificant diatom component from the genera Chaetoceros and Thalassiosira (brackish as opposed to freshwater species). Ciliate abundance was significantly coupled with the abundance of total flagellates. A pronounced partitioning in the phytoplankton community was also discernible with depth, with a different community composition and abundance above and below the thermocline in the stratified sites. This work is a first analysis of the phytoplankton community structure in the region where Lena River discharge enters the Laptev Sea.

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Section: Biological Communities: Transition From Freshwater To Marinesupporting

confidence: 54%

Phytoplankton community structure in the Lena Delta (Siberia, Russia) in relation to hydrography

et al. 2013

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“…During this time the ciliate is capable of photoacclimation, using its plastids with equal efficiency to that of its prey (Johnson et al 2006). The ciliate is capable of prolonged phototrophic growth after feeding on even small amounts of cryptophyte algae, gaining >90% of is carbon needs from phototrophy, even when prey is abundant (Yih et al 2004;Johnson and Stoecker 2005;Park et al 2007;Smith and Hansen 2007) (Table 2; Fig. 2c).…”

Section: Myrionecta Rubramentioning

confidence: 99%

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

2010

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Many non-photosynthetic species of protists and metazoans are capable of hosting viable algal endosymbionts or their organelles through adaptations of phagocytic pathways. A form of mixotrophy, acquired phototrophy (AcPh) encompasses a sweet of endosymbiotic and organelle retention interactions, that range from facultative to obligate. AcPh is a common phenomenon in aquatic ecosystems, with endosymbiotic associations generally more prevalent in nutrient poor environments, and organelle retention typically associated with more productive ones. All AcPhs benefit from enhanced growth due to access to photosynthetic products, however the degree of metabolic integration and dependency in the host varies widely. AcPhs are mixotrophic, using both heterotrophic and phototrophic carbon sources. AcPh is found in at least four of the major eukaryotic supergroups, and is the driving force in the evolution of secondary and tertiary plastid acquisitions. Mutualistic resource partitioning characterizes most algal endosymbiotic interactions, while organelle retention is a form of predation, characterized by nutrient flow (i.e. growth) in one direction. AcPh involves adaptations to recognize specific prey or endosymbionts and to house organelles or endosymbionts within the endomembrane system but free from digestion. In many cases, hosts depend upon AcPh for the production of essential nutrients, many of which remain obscure. The practice of AcPh has led to multiple independent secondary and tertiary plastid acquisition events among several eukaryote lineages, giving rise to the diverse array of algae found in modern aquatic ecosystems.This review highlights those AcPhs that are model research organisms for both metazoans and protists.Much of the basic biology of AcPhs remains enigmatic, particularly 1) which essential nutrients or factors make certain forms of AcPh obligatory, 2) how hosts regulate and manipulate endosymbionts or sequestered organelles, and 3) what genomic imprint, if any, AcPh leaves on non-photosynthetic host species.2

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“…Interestingly, those dinoflagellates with strong prey specificity are obligate mixotrophs that practice the retention of plastids of cryptophyte and haptophyte origins, respectively. The dinoflagellates retain the plastids through selective feeding on the intermediate prey M. rubrum, itself also a specific predator for the cryptophyte Teleaulax / Geminigera genus complex (Yih et al 2004, Kim et al 2012) and the haptophyte P. antarctica (Gast et al 2007, Sellers et al 2014, respectively. Thus far, plastid-retaining, obligately mixotrophic dinoflagellates having broad prey range have not been reported.…”

Section: Growth Kinetics Of Polykrikos Lebourae Under Three Differentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obligate mixotrophy of the pigmented dinoflagellate Polykrikos lebourae (Dinophyceae, Dinoflagellata)

Kim¹,

Yoon²,

Park

2015

ALGAE

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The marine sand-dwelling dinoflagellate Polykrikos lebourae possesses obvious gold-brown pigmented plastids as well as taeniocyst-nematocyst complex structures. Despite of the presence of the visible plastids, previous attempts to establish this species in culture all failed and thus the unavailability of cultures of this species has posed a major obstacle to further detailed exploration of ecophysiology of the dinoflagellate. Here, we isolated P. lebourae from sandy sediment of an intertidal flat on Korean western coast, successfully established it in culture, and have been maintaining the stock culture over the past 3 years. Using this stock culture, we explored phagotrophy and potential prey resources of P. lebourae, growth and grazing responses of P. lebourae to different prey organisms, the effect of prey concentration on growth and grazing rates and gross growth efficiency (GGE) of P. lebourae when fed three different prey organisms, and the growth kinetics of P. lebourae under different light regimes. P. lebourae captured prey cells using a tow filament and then phagocytized them through the posterior end. The dinoflagellate was capable of ingesting a broad range of prey species varying in size, but not all prey species tested in this study supported its sustained growth. GGE of P. lebourae was extremely high at low prey concentration and moderate or low at high prey concentrations, indicating that P. lebourae grows heterotrophically at high prey concentrations but its growth seems to be more dependent on a certain growth factor or photosynthesis of plastids derived from the prey. In the presence of prey in excess, P. lebourae grew well at moderate light intensity of 40 µmol photons m -2 s -1, but did not grow at dim and high (10 or 120 µmol photons m -2 s -1 ) light intensities. Our results suggest that the benthic dinoflagellate P. lebourae is an obligate mixotroph, requiring both prey and light for sustained growth and survival.

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Ingestion of cryptophyte cells by the marine photosynthetic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum

Cited by 110 publications

References 27 publications

Phytoplankton community structure in the Lena Delta (Siberia, Russia) in relation to hydrography

Phytoplankton community structure in the Lena Delta (Siberia, Russia) in relation to hydrography

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

Obligate mixotrophy of the pigmented dinoflagellate Polykrikos lebourae (Dinophyceae, Dinoflagellata)

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