Inhibition of growth ofLegionella species by heterotrophic plate count bacteria isolated from chlorinated drinking water

Toze, Simon; Sly, Lindsay I.; MacRae, I. C.; Fuerst, John A.

doi:10.1007/bf02091832

Cited by 46 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…and Aeromonas spp. (Toze et al 1990). Results also show that the average of total coliform concentrations was higher in Legionella-negativity samples than in Legionella-positive samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Isolation and identification of Legionella and their host amoebae from weak alkaline carbonate spring water using a culture method combined with PCR

et al. 2011

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Legionella were detected with the direct DNA extraction method, Legionella culture method, and free-living amoebae (FLA) culture method from weak alkaline carbonate spring water in Taiwan. Moreover, we also investigated the existence of Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, and Naegleria, ubiquitous FLA in aquatic environments, to identify the correlations between existing Legionella. This study reports detecting Legionella in 15 of the 51 weak alkaline carbonate spring water samples (29.4%). This work also found five of the 51 samples (9.8%) analyzed by the direct DNA extraction method, three of the 51 (5.9%) samples analyzed by the Legionella culture method, and 11 of the 51 samples (21.6%) evaluated using the FLA culture method to be positive for Legionella. The most frequently identified Legionella species was the Legionella-like amoebal pathogen (n=5), followed by unidentified Legionella spp. (n=4), and Legionella pneumophila (n=4), Legionella fairfieldensis (n=3), and then Legionella rubrilucens (n=2). Legionella waltersii was detected once. The occurrence of Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, and Naegleria were 5.9% (3/51), 52.9% (27/51), and 5.9% (3/51), respectively. All Hartmannella isolates were identified as Hartmannella vermiformis, and Naegleria isolates were all identified as Naegleria australiensis. The three Acanthamoeba isolates were identified as one Acanthamoeba polyphaga and two Acanthamoeba jacobsi. H. vermiformis (40.7%) were Legionella hosts, including all of the amoebae-resistant Legionella detected in the present study. Therefore, the important correlations between Legionella and H. vermiformis require further clarification. The combined results of this survey confirm that Legionella and FLA are ubiquitous in weak alkaline carbonate spring water in Taiwan.

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“…and Aeromonas spp. (Toze et al 1990). Results also show that the average of total coliform concentrations was higher in Legionella-negativity samples than in Legionella-positive samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Isolation and identification of Legionella and their host amoebae from weak alkaline carbonate spring water using a culture method combined with PCR

et al. 2011

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“…Legionella must have relationship with other bacteria in order to survive. Although nonlegionella bacteria, cyanobacteria support the growth of Legionella, some of non-legionella bacteria which were present in the systems inhibit the growth (Toze et al 1990;Cotuk et al 2005). It has been shown that Gram negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas species were found in dental water samples in which the amount of Legionella spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Presence and proliferation of Legionella in manmade water systems are influenced by several factors, such as temperature, pH, chemical oxygen demand and presence of free-living amoebae (Luck et al 1991;Toze et al 1990). Free-living amoebae play an important role as a reservoirs/host for Legionella to survive and to disperse ecologically in the environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines in Istanbul, Turkey

Göksay

Çotuk

Zeybek

2008

Environ Monit Assess

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The water used in dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) acts as a coolant for the high-speed equipment and as an irrigant during dental treatments. There are kind of water tanks. DUWLs provide a favorable environment for microbial biofilm and multiplation primarily due to the high surface in the tubing and the character of fluid dynamics in narrow, smooth-walled waterlines. Biofilms can harbour opportunist pathogens such as Legionella sp., Pseudomonas sp. Several studies have shown that DUWLs have high levels of microbial contamination. Presence of high level of microbial contamination is an important problem for dentists and dental patients who are immunocompromised. We collected water samples from DUWLs of 20 private dental offices. We have determined that only 2 (3.4%) out of 59 dental unit water samples were found to meet the standard (<200 CFU.ml(-1)) for DUWLs water quality by American Dental Association (ADA). Of the 59 water samples examined, 14 (24%) were positive for Pseudomonas sp. and 18 (30.5%) were positive for fungi. The most common 14 bacterial strains and seven fungi were isolated. Of bacterial strains, 57.1% were identified: Majority of the bacterial species isolated from our samples was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pasteurella haemolytica, Photobacterium damsela, Ochrobacter anthropi, Moraxella sp., Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium expansum. Legionella sp. were not detected in all water samples.

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“…There is plenty of evidence that in oligotrophic natural environments L. pneumophila is capable of obtaining its necessary supply of amino acids and organic carbon from other organisms such as photosynthetic algae and bacteria (Tison et al 1980;Wadowsky & Yee 1983), heterotrophic bacteria (Toze et al 1990) and protozoa (Rowbotham 1980;Tyndall & Dominque 1982). Furthermore, L. pneumophila has a fascinating ecology as intracellular parasite of various freeliving freshwater protozoa (Abu .…”

Section: Habitatmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Their influence can be either inhibiting or promoting. Toze et al (1990) found that up to 32% of heterotrophic bacteria, isolated from chlorinated drinking water, inhibit the growth of Legionella spp. There is however evidence that some micro-organisms in natural and plumbing systems favour the growth of L. pneumophila by excreting organic compounds (Yee & Wadowsky 1982;Wadowsky & Yee, 1983.…”

Section: Suppliers Of Carbon Nitrogen and Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Legionella pneumophila in the Environment: The Occurrence of a Fastidious Bacterium in Oligotrophic Conditions

Devos

Boon

Verstraete

2005

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

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Legionella pneumophila, a micro-organism encountered in aquatic environments, can cause serious intracellular infections among humans. Since the bacterium is ubiquitous in aquatic habitats, it appears to be impossible to prevent L. pneumophila from entering man-made water systems. However, many questions concerning the survival and/or growth in the environment, the partners and opponents of L. pneumophila remain unanswered. This review focuses on the factors governing the ecology of L. pneumophila, since there is considerable divergence and even contradiction in literature on its environmental requirements. A key question to be resolved is the discrepancy between the fastidious nature of L. pneumophila in axenic cultures (e.g. 400 mg l )1 L L -cysteine and 250 mg l )1 ferric iron) and the nutritionally poor environments in which it is commonly detected. It is assumed that dense microbial communities, as occurring in sediments and biofilms -but not likely in surface and drinking water, -can provide the necessary growth requirements for L. pneumophila. However, most of the studies concerning L. pneumophila have led to the general opinion that the organism can only multiply in the aquatic environment as a parasite in certain protozoa. The discovery of the non-classical siderophore legiobactin also indicates that the iron requirement for survival and autonomous growth is not as high as has been assumed. It thus appears that in order to control Legionella in the environment, focus should be on the eradication of microbial hotspots in which L. pneumophila resides.

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Inhibition of growth ofLegionella species by heterotrophic plate count bacteria isolated from chlorinated drinking water

Cited by 46 publications

References 19 publications

Isolation and identification of Legionella and their host amoebae from weak alkaline carbonate spring water using a culture method combined with PCR

Isolation and identification of Legionella and their host amoebae from weak alkaline carbonate spring water using a culture method combined with PCR

Microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines in Istanbul, Turkey

Legionella pneumophila in the Environment: The Occurrence of a Fastidious Bacterium in Oligotrophic Conditions

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