Inhibition of the cluster of differentiation 14 innate immunity pathway with IAXO-101 improves chronic microelectrode performance

103

The brain-electrode interface is arguably one of the most important areas of study in neuroscience today. A stronger foundation in this topic will allow us to probe the architecture of the brain in unprecedented functional detail and augment our ability to intervene in disease states. Over many years, significant progress has been made in this field, but some obstacles have remained elusive—notably preventing glial encapsulation and electrode degradation. In this review, we discuss the tissue response to electrode implantation on acute and chronic timescales, the electrical changes that occur in electrode systems over time, and strategies that are being investigated in order to minimize the tissue response to implantation and maximize functional electrode longevity. We also highlight the current and future clinical applications and relevance of electrode technology.

Section: Tissue Reaction and Histopathologic Observations Due To Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Chronically Implanted Intracranial Electrodes: Tissue Reaction and Electrical Changes

Campbell

2018

103

“…Correspondingly, the glial cell response had associations with one another, distinguished by activated microglia/macrophages and reactive astrocytes connections and formed correlative relationships. Glial cells can perpetuate the inflammatory response to implanted electrodes by signaling the presence of damage through the release of pro-inflammatory factors, barricading the electrode by building a glial scar, and damaging the neurons by releasing neurotoxic factors such as reactive oxygen species [ 13 , 15 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 29 , 43 ]. Expectedly, there is an inverse relationship between the glial cells response and the neuronal density, implying, as there are more glial cells’ activation, there is a decrease in neuronal populations and vice versa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All channels were recorded continuously at 24,414 Hz for 10 min for later offline analysis. In the offline analysis, the relative size of the recorded action potentials for each isolatable unit was assessed for each electrode contact based on established methods [ 42 , 43 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Investigating the Association between Motor Function, Neuroinflammation, and Recording Metrics in the Performance of Intracortical Microelectrode Implanted in Motor Cortex

Ereifej

Goss-Varley

et al. 2020

Long-term reliability of intracortical microelectrodes remains a challenge for increased acceptance and deployment. There are conflicting reports comparing measurements associated with recording quality with postmortem histology, in attempts to better understand failure of intracortical microelectrodes (IMEs). Our group has recently introduced the assessment of motor behavior tasks as another metric to evaluate the effects of IME implantation. We hypothesized that adding the third dimension to our analysis, functional behavior testing, could provide substantial insight on the health of the tissue, success of surgery/implantation, and the long-term performance of the implanted device. Here we present our novel analysis scheme including: (1) the use of numerical formal concept analysis (nFCA) and (2) a regression analysis utilizing modern model/variable selection. The analyses found complimentary relationships between the variables. The histological variables for glial cell activation had associations between each other, as well as the neuronal density around the electrode interface. The neuronal density had associations to the electrophysiological recordings and some of the motor behavior metrics analyzed. The novel analyses presented herein describe a valuable tool that can be utilized to assess and understand relationships between diverse variables being investigated. These models can be applied to a wide range of ongoing investigations utilizing various devices and therapeutics.

“…However, in order to dramatically advance neural engineering, it is necessary to advance the science of neural engineering. In other words, it is necessary to continue to invest in the development of technology and studies that are designed to expand scientific knowledge rather than for therapeutic applications [ 22 , 46 , 58 , 74 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 ], even when the market segment is currently too small to support commercialization.…”

Section: Need For the Science Of Neural Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

The History and Horizons of Microscale Neural Interfaces

Kozai

2018

Microscale neural technologies interface with the nervous system to record and stimulate brain tissue with high spatial and temporal resolution. These devices are being developed to understand the mechanisms that govern brain function, plasticity and cognitive learning, treat neurological diseases, or monitor and restore functions over the lifetime of the patient. Despite decades of use in basic research over days to months, and the growing prevalence of neuromodulation therapies, in many cases the lack of knowledge regarding the fundamental mechanisms driving activation has dramatically limited our ability to interpret data or fine-tune design parameters to improve long-term performance. While advances in materials, microfabrication techniques, packaging, and understanding of the nervous system has enabled tremendous innovation in the field of neural engineering, many challenges and opportunities remain at the frontiers of the neural interface in terms of both neurobiology and engineering. In this short-communication, we explore critical needs in the neural engineering field to overcome these challenges. Disentangling the complexities involved in the chronic neural interface problem requires simultaneous proficiency in multiple scientific and engineering disciplines. The critical component of advancing neural interface knowledge is to prepare the next wave of investigators who have simultaneous multi-disciplinary proficiencies with a diverse set of perspectives necessary to solve the chronic neural interface challenge.