Inhibition of Urinary Macromolecule Heparin on Aggregation of Nano-COM and Nano-COD Crystals

Abstract

Abstract:Purpose: This research aims to study the influences of heparin (HP) on the aggregation of nano calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and nano calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) with mean diameter of about 50 nm. Method: The influences of different concentrations of HP on the mean diameter and Zeta potential of nano COM and nano COD were investigated using a nanoparticle size Zeta potential analyzer. Results: HP could be adsorbed on the surface of nano COM and nano COD crystals, leading to an increase in the absolute value of Zeta potential on the crystals and an increase in the electrostatic repulsion force between crystals. Consequently, the aggregation of the crystals is reduced and the stability of the system is improved. The strong adsorption ability of HP was closely related to the -OSO3 − and -COO − groups contained in the HP molecules. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the coordination of HP with Ca 2+ ions of COM and COD crystals. Conclusion: HP could inhibit the aggregation of nano COM and nano COD crystals and increase their stability in aqueous solution, which is conducive in inhibiting the formation of calcium oxalate stones.

Antioxidant Sulfated Polysaccharide from Edible Red Seaweed Gracilaria birdiae is an Inhibitor of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation

“…The lack of urinary inhibitors enhances the growth of the CaOx crystals and allows for crystal aggregation. These CaOx crystals are difficult to excrete and remain for a longer time in the renal system, allowing them to interact with the renal epithelium [12]. When crystals interact with renal epithelium cells, they can cause oxidative damage, which can lead to cell death, thereby damaging nearby cells; this initiates a destructive cycle: In the damaged area, crystal adhesion is easier, inducing more oxidative damage, leading to more cell death, and so on [13,14].…”

Gallic Acid-Chitosan Conjugate Inhibits the Formation of Calcium Oxalate Crystals

“…The renal pathways have mechanisms that stabilize the CaOx crystals so they can be excreted easily, thereby preventing their accumulation [4]. However, several factors can lead to a failure of this protection system and induce the formation of oxalate crystals that are difficult to excrete and remain for a longer time in the renal system, allowing them to grow and interact with the renal epithelium [5]. When crystals interact with a renal epithelium cells, they can cause oxidative damage, which can lead to cell death, thereby damaging nearby cells; this initiates a destructive cycle: in the damaged area the crystal adhesion is easier, inducing more oxidative damage, leading to more cell death, and so on [6,7].…”

“…Furthermore, researchers are also searching for antioxidant compounds that can combat the oxidative stress that occurs during the formation of renal calculi [12]. The molecules recently highlighted in these studies are polysaccharides [5,13,14,15,16].…”

Formation Mechanism of Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Stones: A Component Analysis of Urinary Nanocrystallites

“…These crystallites are then retained in the urinary tract or fixed by urinary tract organization, forming urinary stones (millimeters to several centimeters) [20]. Therefore, morphological characteristics, composition, and crystal structures of urinary nanocrystallites are important factors of stone formation [21,22]. To further investigate the relationship between urinary nanocrystallite properties and magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) stone formation, we analyzed the chemical constituents of urinary nanocrystallites in six patients with MAP stones through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), fast Fourier transformation (FFT), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).…”