Inhibitory Mechanism of Trichoderma virens ZT05 on Rhizoctonia solani

Abstract

Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in nature. As a biological control agent of agricultural pests, Trichoderma species have been widely studied in recent years. This study aimed to understand the inhibitory mechanism of Trichoderma virens ZT05 on Rhizoctonia solani through the side-by-side culture of T. virens ZT05 and R. solani. To this end, we investigated the effect of volatile and nonvolatile metabolites of T. virens ZT05 on the mycelium growth and enzyme activity of R. solani and analyzed transcriptome data collected from side-by-side culture. T. virens ZT05 has a significant antagonistic effect against R. solani. The mycelium of T. virens ZT05 spirally wraps around and penetrates the mycelium of R. solani and inhibits the growth of R. solani. The volatile and nonvolatile metabolites of T. virens ZT05 have significant inhibitory effects on the growth of R. solani. The nonvolatile metabolites of T. virens ZT05 significantly affect the mycelium proteins of R. solani, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), soluble proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA). Twenty genes associated with hyperparasitism, including extracellular proteases, oligopeptide transporters, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), chitinases, glucanases, and proteases were found to be upregulated during the antagonistic process between T. virens ZT05 and R. solani. Thirty genes related to antibiosis function, including tetracycline resistance proteins, reductases, the heat shock response, the oxidative stress response, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters, and multidrug resistance transporters, were found to be upregulated during the side-by-side culture of T. virens ZT05 and R. solani. T. virens ZT05 has a significant inhibitory effect on R. solani, and its mechanism of action is associated with hyperparasitism and antibiosis.

Screening and Identification of Trichoderma Strains isolated from Natural Habitats in China with Potential Agricultural Applications

“…T. asperellum strain CCTCC-RW0014 exhibited antagonism activity to fusarium wilt disease due to its high hydrolytic activity of chitin, gelatin, carboxymethyl cellulose, and pachyman [ 16 ]. T. virens ZT05 showed a significant inhibitory effect on R. solani , and its mechanism of action was associated with hyperparasitism and antibiosis [ 17 ]; T. harzianum Ths97 can control F. oxysporum causing damping-off in Pinus massoniana seedlings by reducing reactive oxygen species, lowering lipid peroxidation and cell death, increasing osmolyte levels, stimulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and increasing soil fertility [ 18 ].…”

Volatile Organic Compound Chamber: A Novel Technology for Microbiological Volatile Interaction Assays

“…6PP is a secondary metabolite with inhibitory activity against several plant pathogenic fungi such as R. solani and F. oxysporum [ 60 ]. Nevertheless, it is impossible to pinpoint any specific compound without proper identification and individual testing, as hundreds of VOCs produced by T. harzianum and related species have been described so far [ 61 , 62 ].…”

Staphylococcus aureus Synergized with Candida albicans to Increase the Pathogenesis and Drug Resistance in Cutaneous Abscess and Peritonitis Murine Models

“…Sequencing reads were statistically analyzed, and quality was assessed by FASTQC (http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/, accessed date: 28 February 2018) and then processed by Trimmomatic to remove adapter sequences and low-quality reads with average quality scores lower than 15. Reads that were less than 50 base pairs (bp) after trimming were also excluded from further genome mapping [60][61][62][63]. Transcriptome analysis, including data processing, mapping of reads, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enrichment analysis, was performed according to previous instructions [64][65][66].…”

“…Cluster analysis was carried out based on the heat map, and the results were drawn as tree maps (pedigree maps) in the heat map. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation was conducted through the Blast2GO software, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was used for metabolic pathway analysis through the KOBAS2.0 software [60][61][62][63]. The sequencing data from this study have been submitted (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/PRJNA700494) to NCBI's Sequence Read Archive under accession no.…”