Injectable Gel Form of a Decellularized Bladder Induces Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Differentiation into Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro

Abstract

Biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix components have been proposed to repair and reconstruct a variety of tissues in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Injectable gels can fill and conform any three-dimensional shape and can be delivered to sites of interest by minimally invasive techniques. In this study, a biological gel was produced from a decellularized porcine urinary bladder by enzymatic digestion with pepsin. The enzymatic digestion was confirmed by visual inspection after dissolution in phosphate-buffered saline solution and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The rheological and biological properties of the gel were characterized and compared to those of the MatrigelTM chosen as a reference material. The storage modulus G’ reached 19.4 ± 3.7 Pa for the 30 mg/mL digested decellularized bladder gels after ca. 3 h at 37 °C. The results show that the gel formed of the porcine urinary bladder favored the spontaneous differentiation of human and rabbit adipose-derived stem cells in vitro into smooth muscle cells to the detriment of cell proliferation. The results support the potential of the developed injectable gel for tissue engineering applications to reconstruct for instance the detrusor muscle part of the human urinary bladder.

Strain Hardening in Highly Acetylated Chitosan Gels

“…Similar results were recently discovered for Matrigel, and they were linked to the material's positive effect on cell response. 35 This unusual behavior can be explained by the physical entanglements between the network's floppy and extended polysaccharide chains, as well as the non-reticulated LMWc (Figure S2). When the R D/G ratio is reduced to 40 or 20, the chitosan chains confined within the network are likely to be more stretched and fewer entanglements occur (not explored in the present work).…”

“…While G ′ showed negligible frequency dependence in the high-connectivity regime ( R D/G ≤ 40), an almost 2.5-fold increase in G ′ (approaching G ′ ∝ ν 0.6 at high enough frequencies) was observed for ν > 0.1 Hz in the case of R D/G = 90. Similar results were recently discovered for Matrigel, and they were linked to the material’s positive effect on cell response . This unusual behavior can be explained by the physical entanglements between the network’s floppy and extended polysaccharide chains, as well as the non-reticulated LMWc (Figure S2).…”

Therapeutic effect of adipose stromal vascular fraction spheroids for partial bladder outlet obstruction induced underactive bladder

“…Other possible mechanism may relate to the direct differentiation of implanted stem cells. Several studies reported that stem cells could differentiate into smooth muscle and endothelial cells to promote the regeneration of bladder tissue [39,40]. According to the immuno uorescence staining, we observed that part CM-DiI labelled ad-SVF differentiate into endothelial cells to promote blood supply recovery in bladder.…”

Therapeutic effect of adipose stromal vascular fraction spheroids for partial bladder outlet obstruction induced underactive bladder

“…Other possible mechanism may relate to the direct differentiation of implanted stem cells. Several studies reported that stem cells could differentiate into smooth muscle and endothelial cells to promote the regeneration of bladder tissue [ 42 , 43 ]. According to the immunofluorescence staining, we observed that part CM-DiI labelled ad-SVF differentiate into endothelial cells to promote blood supply recovery in bladder.…”