Innate immunity of the newborn: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates

Levy, Ofer

doi:10.1038/nri2075

Cited by 1,067 publications

(1,002 citation statements)

References 155 publications

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“…Deficiencies of innate immune functions, including phagocytosis, cytokine production, and complement activity, have been reported in preterm infants and are suggested to contribute to their heightened susceptibility to bacterial infection (9,10). However, the data, particularly for deficiencies in phagocytosis, are inconsistent (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

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Phagocytosis of neonatal pathogens by peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes from newborn preterm and term infants

et al. 2013

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mentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Newborns, particularly preterm infants, have decreased levels and function of complement pathways (9,10,40). Phagocytosis of GBS, SE, and EC by isolated phagocytes has been shown to increase with, or be complement-dependent (25,41,42).…”

Section: Phagocytosis In Newborn Whole Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phagocytosis of neonatal pathogens by peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes from newborn preterm and term infants

et al. 2013

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“…The fetal and newborn immune response is strongly biased towards Th2-cell cytokine responses. This is believed to be an evolutionary adaptation, protecting against toxic effects of Th1-cell cytokines, such as IFN-g, which might induce spontaneous abortion (Levy, 2007). However, this Th2 skewing of the immune responses leaves the neonate vulnerable for bacterial and viral infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal micronutrient supplementation with zinc and β-carotene affects morbidity and immune function of infants during the first 6 months of life

Wieringa

Dijkhuizen

Muhilal³

et al. 2010

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Background/Objectives: Micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent worldwide, and a major cause of infant death. Supplementation with multiple micronutrients during pregnancy might improve micronutrient status of the newborn, thereby reducing morbidity and death. Moreover, maternal supplementation might affect the newborn's immune development. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of maternal zinc and b-carotene supplementation on the infant's morbidity and immune function during the first 6 months of life. Subjects/Methods: Mothers were supplemented during pregnancy with b-carotene and/or zinc, in addition to iron and folic acid, in a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Newborn infants (n ¼ 136) were followed up for 6 months. Results: Infants born from mothers receiving zinc during pregnancy had significantly fewer episodes of diarrhoea than infants born from mothers not receiving zinc (0.2 and 0.4, respectively), but more episodes of cough (1.3 and 0.9 respectively) during the first 6 months. Maternal b-carotene supplementation had no effect on infants' morbidity. Cytokine production in the newborns was affected by maternal zinc and b-carotene supplementation, with zinc supplementation giving higher interleukin-6 production (16% higher), and b-carotene supplementation leading to lower interferon-g production (36% lower). Conclusions: This study shows that maternal supplementation with zinc and b-carotene affected the newborn's immune development in specific ways, but only maternal zinc supplementation significantly affected morbidity in the infants. Addition of zinc to routine iron and folic acid supplements for pregnant women could be an effective way to reduce diarrhoeal disease during the first 6 months of life, albeit at the expense of more episodes of cough.

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“…31 Because the normal route of delivery is through the birth canal, the delivered fetus requires some rudimentary protection in place as it passes through an area containing large numbers of microorganisms. 32 Bacterial colonization of the placenta might promote normal development of the fetal immune system without harm to fetus or mother. For example, Lactobacillus sp., and coagulase negative Staphylococcus sp.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colonization of second-trimester placenta parenchyma

Onderdonk¹,

Hecht²,

McElrath³

et al. 2008

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

128

103

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Objective-The overtly healthy, non-pregnant uterus harbors bacteria, Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. The extent of colonization remains elusive, as are relationships between isolated microorganisms, preterm labor and fetal inflammation.Study Design-Biopsies of chorion parenchyma from 1083 placentas delivered before the beginning of the 28 th week of gestation were cultured, and the placenta was examined histologically. The frequencies of individual microorganisms and groups of microorganisms were evaluated in strata of processes leading to preterm delivery, routes of delivery, gestational age, and placenta morphology Results-Placentas delivered by cesarean section with preeclampsia had the lowest bacterial recovery rate (25%). Preterm labor had the highest rates, which decreased with increasing gestational age from 79% at 23 weeks to 43% at 27 weeks. The presence of microorganisms in placenta Conclusions-The high rate of colonization appears to coincide with phenomena associated with preterm delivery and gestational age. The presence of microorganisms within placenta parenchyma is biologically important.

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Innate immunity of the newborn: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates

Cited by 1,067 publications

References 155 publications

Phagocytosis of neonatal pathogens by peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes from newborn preterm and term infants

Phagocytosis of neonatal pathogens by peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes from newborn preterm and term infants

Maternal micronutrient supplementation with zinc and β-carotene affects morbidity and immune function of infants during the first 6 months of life

Colonization of second-trimester placenta parenchyma

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