“…Empirically, many studies have shown that FC is able to facilitate the development of students' CTS in higher education (Andrini, Pratama, & Maduretno, 2019;Chang, Kao, & Hwang, 2020;Chen & Hwang, 2020;Dehghanzadeh & Jafaraghaee, 2018;DeRuisseau, 2016;Huang, 2020;Ibrahim, Khairudin, & Salleh, 2018;Jensen, 2019;Kloppers & Vuuren, 2016;Lee, 2018;Nouri, 2016;Smith et al, 2018;Styers, Van Zandt, & Hayden, 2018). One of the benefits of FC is increasing higher-order thinking skills, including CT (Khlaisang, Teo, & Huang, 2021;Tolbert, 2020), because FC has the potential to create active learning (Smith et al, 2018).…”