Insect Galls

Rohfritsch, Odette; Shorthouse, Joseph D.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394380-4.50011-6

Cited by 79 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The elicitation of hypersensitive reactions may be beneficial for the plant as the continuing damage caused by galling insects is expensive for the plant Rapp and Kirst 1974;Rohfritsch and Shorthouse 1982;Fernandes 1987;Larson and Whitham 1991). The gall formation and the establishment of future galling populations may be tremendously detrimental for the lifetime fitness of the host plant, as the gall intercepts, redirects, prolongs and provides means to use the host nutrients to feed, grow and mature more galling herbivores (Fernandes et al 2000).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Hypersensitivity of Fagus sylvatica L. against leaf galling insects

Fernandes

Duarte

Lüttge

2003

Trees - Structure and Function

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Hypersensitivity is known as a localized resistance of plants against pathogens. It also can be detected in response to galling insects, i.e., in the area immediately adjacent to the site of oviposition and attempted penetration by the galling larva. This host response includes morphological and histological changes that cause the death of the attacked tissue. It is observed as a rounded dark brown halo around the gall induction site. We provide the first observation on the occurrence and possible relevance of this induced mechanism by which one of the most common tree species in Germany, Fagus sylvatica L., resists attack by two of its most common galling insects, Mikiola fagi and Hartigiola annulipes (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Galls induced by these cecidomyiids were extremely common in the studied area in beech forests around Darmstadt, Germany. The availability of resources (leaves on a stem) was a poor predictor of attack by the galling insects as well as for gall abundance (galls successfully formed). Hypersensitive reaction was the most important factor acting against the galling population studied. More than 77% of the attempts of the insects to induce galls on F. sylvatica resulted in failure and consequently the death of the galling larvae. Therefore, few live galls remained to be found and destroyed by natural enemies. This corroborates the view that in galling insect-host plant system interactions plant-driven factors may play a major role in determining herbivore failure and success, and perhaps the resulting community structure.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Hypersensitivity of Fagus sylvatica L. against leaf galling insects

Fernandes

Duarte

Lüttge

2003

Trees - Structure and Function

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“…For plants to defend against gallers at the scale of a plant organ they have to be able to detect the parasite, yet galling insects are able to control the development and physiology of the gall tissues, including senescence and abscission (Mani 1964;Rohfritsch and Shorthouse 1982;Harper et al 2004). If some or all the plant defense mechanisms within the gall tissues are controlled by the inducer (Shorthouse and Rohfritsch 1992;Allison and Schultz 2005), the scale at which a gall inducer affects the plant beyond the gall tissues could determine what further defenses are available to the plant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant organ abscission and the green island effect caused by gallmidges (Cecidomyiidae) on tropical trees

Fernandes

Marco

Schönrogge³

2008

Arthropod-Plant Interactions

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Plants exhibit a wide array of inert and induced responses in defense against herbivore attack. Among these the abscission of organs has been argued to be a highly effective mechanism, depending, however, on the herbivore's feeding mode. While consisting of plant tissues, insect induced galls are seen as the extended phenotype of the gall inducer which might circumvent many or most of the plant defenses. There is very little information whether and how far beyond the gall tissue gall inducers might affect plant tissues. A localized impact is likely to leave the abscission of galled organs as a viable defense although at a cost. Here, we report on an instance where the host plant, Neea madeirana (Nyctaginaceae) abscises leaves galled by two species of Bruggmannia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), more frequently than ungalled leaves in a rain forest in Amazonia, Brazil. Once on the forest floor the leaves decay quickly, while both gall types show signs of localized maintenance of healthy tissues for a while (the green island effect). However, on the forest floor galls are exposed to a new set of potential natural enemies. Both gall types show a minimum of a five-fold increase in mortality due to pathogens (fungi and bacteria) compared to galls that were retained on the host tree. We discuss the adaptive nature of plant organ abscission as a plant defense against gallers and as a gall inducer adaptive trait.

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“…Galls are plant structures formed by abnormal growth of cells, tissues or organs in response to stimuli caused by other organisms (Carneiro et al 2009, Rohfritsch & Shorthouse 1982. This abnormal growth is due to increase in cell volume (hypertrophy) and/or cell number (hyperplasia).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP)

Saito

Urso-Guimarães

2012

Biota Neotrop.

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This is the first study about galls, gall makers and associated fauna of the Ecological Station of Jataí. Galls are plant structures formed by abnormal growth of cells, tissues or organs induced by several organisms, as fungous, nematoids and insects. Five areas of the conservation unity, two in the phytophysionomy of cerrado in regeneration and three in the cerradão area were studied, totalizing 69 morphotypes of galls on 41 host species from 24 families. This is the first record of Annonaceae as the richest family in morphotypes in Brazil; 34 gall makers and associated fauna were identified, which 23 Diptera (67.4%), eight Hymenoptera (23.5%), two Hemiptera (5.8%) and one Thysanoptera (2.9%). Were described 41 new morphotypes of gall and made the first characterization of gall on Maprounea guianensis Aubl., Acosmium subelegans (Mohlenbr.) Yakovlev., Strychnos bicolor Progel, Eriotheca gracilipes K. Schum., Stryphnodendron obovatum Benth., Broyesum gaudichaudii Trécul, Psychotria suterella Müll. Arg., Psychotria trichophora Müll. Arg. and Serjania erecta Radlk.

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Insect Galls

Cited by 79 publications

References 7 publications

Hypersensitivity of Fagus sylvatica L. against leaf galling insects

Hypersensitivity of Fagus sylvatica L. against leaf galling insects

Plant organ abscission and the green island effect caused by gallmidges (Cecidomyiidae) on tropical trees

Characterization of galls, insect galls and associated fauna of Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP)

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