Nanoparticles with ultrasmall sizes (less than 10 nm) offer many advantages in
biomedical applications compared to their bigger counterparts, including better
intratumoral distribution, improved pharmacokinetics (PK), and efficient body clearance.
When functionalized with a biocompatible coating and a target-specific antibody,
ultrasmall nanoparticles represent an attractive clinical translation platform. Although
there is a tremendous body of work dedicated to PK and the biological effects of various
nanoparticles, little is known about the fate of different components of functionalized
nanoparticles in a biological environment such as in live cells. Here, we used
luminescence properties of 5 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to study the intracellular
trafficking and fate of the AuNPs functionalized with an organic layer consisting of a
polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting
antibody. We showed that intracellular uptake of the targeted 5 nm AuNPs results in a
strong two-photon luminescence (TPL) that is characterized by broad emission and very
short lifetimes compared to the fluorescence of the nanoparticle-conjugated
fluorophore-tagged antibody, thereby allowing selective imaging of these components
using TPL and two-photon excited fluorescence lifetime microscopy (2P-FLIM). Our results
indicate that the nanoparticle’s coating is detached from the particle’s
surface inside cells, leading to formation of nanoparticle clusters with a strong TPL.
Furthermore, we observed an optically resolved spatial separation of the gold core and
the antibody coating of the particles inside cells. We used data from two-photon
microscopy, 2P-FLIM, electron microscopy, and
in vitro
assays to
propose a model of interactions of functionalized 5 nm AuNPs with live cells.