Instrument parameters controlling retention precision in gradient elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract

The precision of retention time in RPLC is important for compound identification, for setting peak integration time windows and in fundamental studies of retention. In this work, we studied the effect of temperature (T), initial (ϕ0) and final mobile phase (ϕf)composition, gradient time (tG), and flow rate (F) on the retention time precision under gradient elution conditions for various types of low MW solutes. We determined the retention factor in pure water (k′w) and the solute-dependent solvent strength (S) parameters of Snyder's linear solvent strength theory (LSST) as a function of temperature for three different groups of solutes. The effect of small changes in the chromatographic variables (T, ϕ0, ϕf, tG and F) by use of the LSST gradient retention equation were estimated. Peaks at different positions in the chromatogram have different sensitivities to changes in these instrument parameters. In general, absolute fluctuations in retention time are larger at longer gradient times. Drugs showed less sensitivity to changes in temperature compared to relatively less polar solutes, non-ionogenic solutes. Surprisingly we observed that fluctuations in temperature, mobile phase composition and flow rate had less effect on retention time under gradient conditions as compared to isocratic conditions. Overall temperature and the initial mobile phase composition are the more important variables affecting retention reproducibility in gradient elution chromatography.

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“…(12) (15), which predict decreasing k e at increasing starting concentrations of ACN, A. At a constant gradient time, t G = t, however, increasing A is automatically connected with decreasing gradient slopes, B:…”

“…The re-equilibration can occur quickly, with less than three column volumes of conditioning solvent for flushing out the system dwell volume, V D , and the column hold-up volume, V M [14]. Recent investigation confirmed that gradient retention times are less sensitive to minor fluctuations in flow rate, temperature and mobile phase composition in comparison with isocratic data [15].…”