Integrating visual information from successive fixations:Does trans-saccadic fusion exist?

Jk, O'Regan; Lévy-Schoen, Ariane

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(83)90198-0

Cited by 140 publications

(87 citation statements)

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“…Results on transsaccadic integration have been mixed, with reports of no integration (47)(48)(49), as well as evidence for integration of shape and motion across saccades (50)(51)(52)(53), with recent results showing integration of 3D information across multiple spatial locations (54). Given the particular slowness of 3D vision (55,56) compared with the typically brief time between saccades, transsaccadic integration of 3D information would be especially valuable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticipating the three-dimensional consequences of eye movements

Wexler

2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Rapid eye movements called saccades give rise to sudden, enormous changes in optic information arriving at the eye; how the world nonetheless appears stable is known as the problem of spatial constancy. One consequence of saccades is that the directions of all visible points shift uniformly; directional or 2D constancy, the fact that we do not perceive this change, has received extensive study for over a century. The problems raised by 3D consequences of saccades, on the other hand, have been neglected. When the eye rotates in space, the 3D orientation of all stationary surfaces undergoes an equal-and-opposite rotation with respect to the eye. When presented with a an optic simulation of a saccade but with the eyes still, observers readily perceive this depth rotation of surfaces; when simultaneously performing the corresponding saccade, the 3D orientations of surfaces are perceived as stable, a phenomenon I propose calling 3D spatial constancy. In experiments presented here, observers viewed ambiguous 3D rotations immediately before, during, or after a saccade. The results show that before the eyes begin to move the brain anticipates the 3D consequences of saccades, preferring to perceive the rotation opposite to the impending eye movement. Further, the anticipation is absent when observers fixate while experiencing optically simulated saccades, and therefore must be evoked by extraretinal signals. Such anticipation could provide a mechanism for 3D spatial constancy and transsaccadic integration of depth information.depth perception ͉ vision ͉ saccades ͉ spatial constancy D irectional or 2D spatial constancy holds insofar as the uniform, 2D shifts of the retinal image accompanying each eye movement (see Fig. 1a) do not lead to perceptions either of change in direction of individual points or of 2D motion. This type of spatial constancy was noted by Descartes in his Traité de l'Homme and has been studied systematically since the 19th century (refs. 1-3 and see refs. 4-8 for reviews). Distortions in spatial vision in the temporal vicinity of saccades are considered as signs of processes that give rise to constancy. For example, the threshold for perceiving motion rises just before a saccade (9, 10), which may be why motion is usually not perceived after saccade-induced retinal shifts, and may allow for optimal transsaccadic integration of information (11). Furthermore, points flashed around the time of a saccade are systematically mislocalized in a way that suggests slow build-up of compensation for retinal shifts (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). The dynamic properties of neurons that remap their receptive fields in the anticipation of saccades may be closely connected with these distortions and contribute to spatial constancy (7). Such neurons have been found in posterior parietal cortex (20)(21)(22), superior colliculus (23), and the frontal eye field (24) of monkeys; recently, neuroimaging has demonstrated similar spatial updating in human parietal cortex (25).An aspect of the spatial constancy problem that h...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticipating the three-dimensional consequences of eye movements

Wexler

2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Furthermore, these investigations reported that readers use word length information to program saccades to target the word center, the optimal viewing position, OVP (Nuthmann, Engbert, & Kliegl, 2005;O'Regan & Lévy-Schoen, 1983;Vitu, O'Regan, & Mittau, 1990). Typically, however, readers' initial fixation falls short of its target and lands between word beginning and center, at the so-called preferred viewing location (PVL, Rayner 1979; see also McConkie, Kerr, Reddix, & Zola, 1988;McConkie, Kerr, Reddix, Zola, & Jacobs, 1989;Rayner et al, 1998;Vitu et al, 1990).…”

Section: The N Umbe Rnofnconstitue Ntnle Tte Rsnandnspatialnexte Ntnomentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of a word’s number of letters, spatial extent, and initial bigram characteristics on eye movement control during reading: Evidence from Arabic.

Hermena

Liversedge

Drieghe

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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The authors conducted 2 eye movement experiments in which they used the typographical and linguistic properties of Arabic to disentangle the influences of words’ number of letters and spatial extent on measures of fixation duration and saccade targeting (Experiment 1), and to investigate the influence of initial bigram characteristics on saccade targeting during reading (Experiment 2). In the first experiment, through the use of a proportional font, which is more natural-looking in Arabic compared to monospaced fonts, the authors manipulated the number of letters (5 vs. 7) and the spatial extent (wide vs. narrow) of words embedded in frame sentences. The results obtained replicate and expand upon previous findings in other alphabetic languages that the number of letters influences fixation durations, whereas saccade targeting (as indicated by measures of fixation count and probability of skipping and refixation) is more influenced by the word’s spatial extent. In the second experiment, the authors compared saccade targeting measures (saccade amplitude and initial fixation location) in 6- and 7-letter words beginning with initial bigrams that were of extremely high frequency (ال the), relatively high frequency (لل to/for the), or beginning with the letters of the word stem. The results showed negligible modulation of saccade targeting by initial bigram characteristics. The results also highlighted the importance of selecting the appropriate measures of initial fixation location (spatial vs. character-based measures) during reading text rendered using proportional fonts.

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“…However, despite the intuitive appeal of this hypothesis, ample empirical evidence has demonstrated that it is probably wrong. Several investigators have found that subjects are unable to fuse pre-and postsaccadic patterns in successive fixations to obtain an integrated composite pattern (e.g., Irwin, 1983;O'Regan and Levy-Schoen, 1983;Rayner and Pollatsek, 1983; for a comprehensive overview see also Irwin, 1993a). Moreover, it has been shown that changing the visual characteristics of words and pictures, such as object size or letter case, has no disruptive effect on word or picture naming (e.g., McConkie and Zola, 1979;Rayner et al, 1980).…”

Section: Transsaccadic Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Transsaccadic memory of position and form

Deubel

Schneider

Bridgeman

2002

The Brain's Eye: Neurobiological and Clinical Aspects of Oculomotor Research

100

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Why and how people perceive the visual world as continuous and stable, despite the gross changes of its retinal projection that occur with each saccade, is one of the classic problems in perception. In the present paper, we argue that an important factor of visual stability and transsaccadic perception is formed by the reafferent visual information, i.e., the visual display that is present when the eyes land. After a review of some of the relevant theoretical, behavioural and physiological research on space constancy, saccadic suppression and transsaccadic memory, three experiments are presented. In a first experiment, we study the effect of an extended horizontal bar covering the target area for a short period after the saccade on saccadic suppression of image displacement. The results show that the bar acts just like a temporary blanking of the saccade target, leading to a strong reduction of saccadic suppression. In the second experiment, we show that any object that is present immediately after the saccade can establish a spatial reference, even if it is dissimilar to the saccade target. In a third experiment we study, with a similar approach, the effect of blanking and postsaccadic information on transsaccadic integration of form information. The data demonstrate that a localized postsaccadic object tends to replace the content of transsaccadic memory.

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Integrating visual information from successive fixations:Does trans-saccadic fusion exist?

Cited by 140 publications

References 3 publications

Anticipating the three-dimensional consequences of eye movements

Anticipating the three-dimensional consequences of eye movements

The influence of a word’s number of letters, spatial extent, and initial bigram characteristics on eye movement control during reading: Evidence from Arabic.

Transsaccadic memory of position and form

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