Intensity and duration of in‐vitro antibacterial activity of different adhesives used in orthodontics

Abstract

This work investigated the antibacterial activity of 14 bonding agents to predict their ability to inhibit white-spot development during orthodontic treatment. Standardized, sterilized disks of each material were continuously rinsed (for up to 180 d) in a flow of sterile saline. At predetermined time points, the residual ability of each material to inhibit bacterial growth (determined by measuring the size of inhibition halos around disks placed onto appropriate culture media seeded with Streptococcus gordonii DSM6777, Streptococcus sanguinis DSM20567, Streptococcus mutans DSM20523, or Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM20079) and biofilm formation (determined by measuring the numbers of bacteria adherent to disks following incubation in appropriate broths) was tested in triplicate and compared with the baseline activities of freshly prepared materials. Overall antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities, adjusted for exposure time and strain of bacteria, were assessed. The decrease of antibacterial activity was faster (30-60 d) and complete for fluoride-enriched materials, but slower (90 d) and partial for antimicrobial-containing materials (benzalkonium chloride, zinc oxide, chlorexidine, or MDPB). Materials enriched with benzalkonium chloride, chlorexidine, or MDPB showed the highest antibacterial activities. Anti-biofilm assays yielded similar results. These data could be helpful for clinicians in the choice of the best performing bonding agent also in light of duration of the clinical application.

Zinc-Containing Hydroxyapatite Enhances Cold-Light-Activated Tooth Bleaching Treatment In Vitro

“…We proved in the antibacterial test that Zn-HA exhibits significant antibacterial activity against S. mutans , Lactobacillaceae, and S. sobrinus , and this inhibitory effect was positively correlated with the zinc ion concentration. The antibacterial mechanism consists of zinc inhibiting the enzyme metabolism of caries bacteria and destroying plaque formation [15]. …”

A novel antimicrobial orthodontic band cement with in situ–generated silver nanoparticles

“…Antimicrobial agents that have been shown to be effective include benzalkonium chloride, zinc oxide, chlorhexidine, and bioactive glass. [6][7][8][9][10] Silver and its nanoparticulate form (AgNPs) have also shown great antimicrobial potential.…”

“…Bonding agents with materials that have the highest antibacterial activities, such as benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, or MDPB, were shown to reduce white spot lesion formation. 9 Finally, an antibacterial monomer-containing, self-etching adhesive was shown to reduce enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets in vivo even after 30 days. 10 Thus, adding antimicrobial agents into an orthodontic band cement may be an effective method of preventing or reducing white spot lesion formation.…”

The effect of benzalkonium chloride additions to AH Plus sealer. Antimicrobial, physical and chemical properties

“…13 BC has been included in different dental restorative materials such as adhesives, glass ionomer cements and resin composites to concentrations up to 5% conferring it with beneficial antibacterial properties and long lasting effects due to its capacity to inhibit the proteases. [14][15][16] Besides, when incorporated in a resin composite the shear bond strength increases and release of BC was observed over time. 17 Using the agar diffusion test, AH Plus when mixed with 2% BC exhibited better antimicrobial effect.…”