Interaction between physiological and cognitive determinants of emotions: Experimental studies on Schachter's theory of emotions

The drive-wise project: driving simulator training increases real driving performance in healthy older drivers

“…Thus, it might be that the questionnaires measuring subjective motivation and arousal are not sensitive enough to capture fine graded motivation and arousal differences. It is well-known that subjective and physiological measures of motivation and arousal only weakly covariate (Erdmann and Janke, 1978). Thus, it is possible that our subjects participating in the driving simulator group were indeed stronger motivated or aroused (with the accompanying physiological changes) but without noticing it.…”

The arousal model of moral condemnation

“…In line with excitation transfer (Zillman, 1971) and cognitive labeling theory (Schachter & Singer, 1962), this hypothesis posits that arousal may be misattributed, intensifying the perceived immorality of the target's behavior. Excitation transfer effects emerge in research on emotion (e.g., Erdmann & Janke, 1978;Sinclair, Hoffman, Mark, Martin, & Pickering, 1994), aggression (e.g., Zillman, 1971), dissonance (e.g., Cooper, 1998;Cooper, Fazio, & Rhodewalt, 1978), attraction (e.g., White & Kight, 1984), and clinical disorders (e.g., Storms & Nisbett, 1970).…”

Neuroticism and stress: the role of displacement behavior

“…First, at a proximate behavioral level, displacement behavior may allow an individual temporarily to "cut-off" attention from a threatening stimulus, and this shortterm diversion of attention could reduce the negative arousal associated with the stimulus (Chance, 1962;Sgoifo et al, 2003). Second, at the cognitive level, an attenuation of negative arousal might affect the evaluation of the situation as stressful (Erdmann & Janke, 1978;Iversen, Kupfermann, & Kandel, 2000;Nisbett & Schachter, 1966;Schachter & Singer, 1962). Third, research on the endogenous opioid system has established that gentle self-touch activates this system, leading to elevations in levels of three classes of opioids (β-endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins) that reduce the experience of negative emotions and stress (Hughes et al, 1975;Pert & Snyder, 1973;Roth-Deri, Green-Sadan, & Yadid, 2008).…”