Interaction, social identity, agency and change during Middle Horizon San Pedro de Atacama (northern Chile): A multidimensional and interdisciplinary perspective

Integrating Identities: An Innovative Bioarchaeological and Biogeochemical Approach to Analyzing the Multiplicity of Identities in the Mortuary Record

“…Mortuary artifacts also became more homogenous during the Late Intermediate Period, reflecting a reduction of individual commemoration in the grave. We note that the heterogeneity of mortuary behavior during the Middle Horizon, as revealed through our data, is also supported by recent iconographic and sourcing studies of snuffing paraphernalia and metal artifacts (Salazar et al 2014). In addition, this later-period homogeneity is similar to that found in the neighboring Calchaquí Valley of Argentina during the Late Intermediate Period, where "funerary practice privileged the representation of a person dissolving into the communal, of the collective over its constituent parts, privileging the 'us' more than the 'I'" (Acuto, Kergaravat, and Amuedo 2014:323).…”

“…Our research complements other integrative approaches in the Andean Middle Horizon (Baitzel and Goldstein 2014;Salazar et al 2014) and elsewhere, and we look forward to future research on this complex topic. In particular, we hope that our approach provokes greater integration of bioarchaeological and individual life-history data into these broader analyses.…”

“…The Middle Horizon Tiwanaku polity, centered on the capital site of Tiwanaku in the Lake Titicaca Basin, influenced the southern Andes between AD 500 and 1100. Tiwanaku-style material culture is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru (see overviews in Goldstein 2005;Janusek 2008), and the San Pedro de Atacama oases exhibit a clear relationship with the Tiwanaku polity (Salazar et al 2014;Torres-Rouff 2008). Núñez (1991) argues that the Middle Horizon shows the earliest evidence for the production of surplus, facilitating the rise of persistent inequality, as well as incipient craft specialization, including new metallurgical practices (Lechtman 2014), population growth (Llagostera and Costa 1999), and individuals who focused their energies on the caravan trade (Pomeroy 2013).…”

“…In addition, hallucinogenic snuffing paraphernalia may be associated with high status and ritual practice; stylistic attributes of the snuff tablets excavated from several Middle Horizon sites have been extensively analyzed (e.g., Niemeyer et al 2015;Torres et al 1991). Similarly, metal objects are generally associated with prestige, and ore sources are well established (Lechtman 2014;Llagostera 2004;Salazar et al 2014). Finally, ceramic style and production techniques have been useful when examining the nature of Tiwanaku influence in the Atacama (Stovel 2001;Uribe 2002).…”

Las Pipas Del Salar De Atacama: Reevaluando Su Origen Y Uso

“…Nº 54 / 2017 Estudios Atacameños Arqueología y Antropología Surandinas culturas que se evidencian en la arqueología de la zona, fue determinante la influencia de costumbres, procesos, objetos o materias primas foráneas que son reinterpretados, adaptados, rediseñados o utilizados, respectivamente, para llegar a costumbres y objetos de tradición local (Salazar et al 2014). Así, por ejemplo, se encuentran en SPA tabletas de inhalación con estilo foráneo pero también se producen tabletas con estilo local (Horta 2014), se importan colorantes o fibras teñidas utilizados para fabricar textiles de estilo local (Niemeyer y Agüero 2015), se importan maderas que son incorporadas en tabletas de inhalación de estilo local (Niemeyer 2013;Niemeyer et al 2013;Riquelme-Toro y Niemeyer 2015).…”