“…An association between FAS morphologic defects, including pericardial swelling, and alcohol‐dependent inhibition of cholesterol modification of sonic hedgehog, a fetal morphogen that has a major role in proliferation, differentiation, and patterning has recently been shown (Li et al., 2007). The effects of developmental exposure to ethanol on the heart β‐adrenergic receptor‐coupled adenylyl cyclase system may also be significant as the receptor and the adenylyl cyclase are altered by ethanol treatment (Bode and Molinoff, 1988; Saito et al., 1987; Volicer and Gold, 1975).…”