Interactive presentation in multitrial free recall

Friendly, Michael; Franklin, Pat

doi:10.3758/bf03197614

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…New measures of free recall, based on Friendly and Franklin's (1980) multiple-trial free-recall experiments, are included here. The percentage of times that subjects recalled these words on the first three trials and the number of subjects involved in each estimate are reported .…”

Section: Multiple-trial Free Recallmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiments 1-5 have the same basic design as that described in Friendly and Franklin (1980), and differed only in the number of words and number of trials of !earning. The design for these studies was a 2 x 3 factorial with the six independent groups representing a two-Ievel "tagging" manipulation combined with three presentation orders.…”

Section: Multiple-trial Free Recallmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In choosing a recal1 measure, we decided to use the data from an existingset of experiments that differed from all the previously mentioned tasks in that it used multipletrial free recall (Friendly & Franklin, 1980).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Predicting which words get recalled: Measures of free recall, availability, goodness, emotionality, and pronunciability for 925 nouns

1986

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To investigate the properties that make a word easy to recall, we added to existing norms for 925 nouns measures of availability, goodness, emotionality, pronunciability, and probability of recall in multiple-trial free recall. Availability, imagery, and emotionality were found to be the best predictors of which words were recalled. This result, which is stable across recall data collected in three separate laboratories, argues for the importance of availability as apredictor of recall and questions the role of the correlated variables of word frequency and meaningfulness. Consistent with earlier work on a smaller sample of words, six factors describe the numerous properties of words studied by psychologists. The six factors are composed of variables based on orthography, imagery and meaning, word frequency, recall, emotionality, and goodness.What factors determine whether a particular word will be recalled by a particular subject under a specific set of experimental conditions? Over the history of the study of memory and learning, four separate aspects of the recall task have received attention (Jenkins, 1979): (1) the nature of the material to be learned and the conditions of presentation; (2) the type of response or criterion task used; (3) the activities engaged in by the learner during study and at test, including depth of processing, rehearsal, and mnemonic strategies; and (4) the characteristics of the learner, including general knowledge, skills, and motivation.In the study presented here, we addressed the first aspect of recall tasks, the nature of materials and the conditions of presentation, by trying to predict the probability of recall of individual words when the other three aspects of the recall task were randomized or held constant. Most of our emphasis was on the material itself because here, and in other studies (Rubin, 1980(Rubin, , 1985, presentation effects were minimal.Consider a typical study investigating one or more item variables, such as frequency, concreteness, or age of acquisition. Words are selected to represent different portions of the range of the variables of interest (e. g., high frequency vs. low frequency). The recall performance of subjects learning these words is then compared. For our purposes, this form of experiment has four disadvantages. First, in selecting fixed lists of stimulus items, the researcher must deal with the confounding relationships between the variable(s) under study and other correlated variables. Holding the correlated stimulus variables constant eliminates the confound, but may produce lists of items which are not representative of the variable being studied, or which are confounded in new ways. For example, Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) noted that varying imagery while holding concreteness constant results in a set of words that varies in emotionality. Second, so many properties of the experimental procedure (e.g., presentation time, modality, etc.) and the subject population are held constant that the generality of the results may be questio...

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Section: Multiple-trial Free Recallmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Multiple-trial Free Recallmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting which words get recalled: Measures of free recall, availability, goodness, emotionality, and pronunciability for 925 nouns

1986

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Retrieval of information from subjectively organized lists.

Franklin¹,

Okada²,

Burrows³

et al. 1980

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory

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In two experiments, subjects learned subspan and supraspan lists by sorting list items into subsets. An item recognition task followed, and reaction time was found to be a bilinear function of memory list length. The slope for supraspan lists was more shallow than the slope for subspan lists. The reaction time data for supraspan lists was replotted as a function of the number of subsets formed during the sorting task. Reaction time increased linearly with the number of subsets but was independent of the number of items within a tested subset. These results suggest that processing of information is serial between, but not within, organized subgroups.

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The Toronto Word Pool: Norms for imagery, concreteness, orthographic variables, and grammatical usage for 1,080 words

Friendly

Franklin

Hoffman

et al. 1982

Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation

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337

253

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Imagery and concreteness norms and percentage noun usage were obtained on the 1,080 verbal items from the Toronto Word Pool. Imagery was defined as the rated ease with which a word aroused a mental image, and concreteness was defined in relation to level of abstraction. The degree to which a word was functionally a noun was estimated in a sentence generation task. The mean and standard deviation of the imagery and concreteness ratings for each item are reported together with letter and printed frequency counts for the words and indications of sex differences in the ratings. Additional data in the norms include a grammatical function code derived from dictionary definitions, a percent noun judgment, indexes of statistical approximation to English, and an orthographic neighbor ratio. Validity estimates for the imagery and concreteness ratings are derived from comparisons with scale values drawn from the Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) noun pool and the Toglia and Battig (1978) norms.The Toronto Word Pool (TWP) is a collection of 1,080 common English words originally selected from the Thorndike-Lorge (1944) word counts (see Murdock, 1968Murdock, , 1974. This pool has been used for some time in a number of laboratories in verbal learning, memory, and psycholinguistics studies, although normative data on the items have never been collected.In experiments that require random selection of a number of lists in order to exclude list-specific effects or to assure sufficient sampling of materials, it is particularly useful to have normative data available. Thus, information on item frequency allows lists to be matched or balanced on this variable. Similarly, if a moderate

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Interactive presentation in multitrial free recall

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

Predicting which words get recalled: Measures of free recall, availability, goodness, emotionality, and pronunciability for 925 nouns

Predicting which words get recalled: Measures of free recall, availability, goodness, emotionality, and pronunciability for 925 nouns

Retrieval of information from subjectively organized lists.

The Toronto Word Pool: Norms for imagery, concreteness, orthographic variables, and grammatical usage for 1,080 words

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