Intercalation and Encapsulation of In Situ Grown Black Phosphorus within Ti₃C₂T_x MXene Sheets for Energy Storage

Abstract

An innovative yet simple approach for the in situ growth of black phosphorus (BP) over MXene sheets has been carried out by a facile and simple hydrothermal treatment. Basically, a dual strategy is adopted to expand MXene interlayer spacing by in situ intercalation of BP along with encapsulation with an antioxidant agent to prevent oxidation at elevated temperatures. Detailed nucleation and growth mechanisms are explained by optimizing the ratio of BP in MXene–BP hybrid material supported by XRD, FE-SEM, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS characterizations. The presence of surface terminations (−OH, −O) at enlarged interlayers of MXenes chemically attached to BP causes the production of Ti–O–P linkages at the junctions of heterostructures, resulting in uniform in situ development of BP over MXenes nanolayers. These interactions enhance the Coulombic reactions between the core and valence states present at the interface (Ti–O–P) bonds, which is beneficial for large electronic transfers. Further, the optimized MXene–BP (10 mg) hybrid denoted as the MX–BP-10 sample was analyzed systematically with temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy at elevated temperatures to check its stability at high temperatures. Moreover, a symmetric MX–BP-10 hybrid supercapacitor device was fabricated, which reveals excellent specific capacitance of 120 mF/cm2 at a current density of 0.4 mA/cm2 with an exceptional capacitance retention of 95% and Coulombic efficiency of 92% even after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles. This unique intercalation and encapsulation approach to passivate MXenes gives multidimensional insights to tune its electrochemical properties at high temperature so as to enhance its oxidation resistance.

Black phosphorus/Bi2MoO6 Z-scheme heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction

“…Figure 10 shows that the BPNS represented the minimum arc radius, indicating the low charge transfer resistance in BPNS. In contrast, the arc radius of the Bi 2 MoO 6 was the largest among these samples, demonstrating that the charge In the P 2p spectra of BPNS, the binding energy of P 2p 1/2 , P 2p 3/2 , and P-O was 131.03 eV, 130.177 eV and 134.695 eV, respectively [53]. There was no significant P-O signal in the P 2p spectrum of the composite catalyst, indicating that the stability of BPNS is greatly enhanced and it is more difficult to oxidize after coupling with Bi 2 MoO 6 .…”

Recent Developments and Future Perspectives of Molybdenum Borides and MBenes

“…Mo borides and 2D MBenes have gained interest in energy storage applications due to their several unusual physicochemical properties with key advantages such as large surface area, active edge sites, high mechanical properties, flexibility, etc. [20,44,[58][59][60][61][62] 4.1.1. Battery Theoretical predictions showed that molybdenum borides and MBenes have inherent mechanical anisotropy and metallic properties, low diffusion potential, and low open circuit voltage.…”

“…Mo borides and 2D MBenes have gained interest in energy storage applications due to their several unusual physicochemical properties with key advantages such as large surface area, active edge sites, high mechanical properties, flexibility, etc. [ 20 , 44 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]…”

Recent Advances and Strategies in MXene-Based Electrodes for Supercapacitors: Applications, Challenges and Future Prospects

“…Sharma et al [ 221 ] developed a simple method to combine the benefits of incorporating black phosphorus (BP) nanoparticles into Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene sheets and the protective effect of L-ascorbic acid encapsulation of Ti 3 C 2 T x -BP nanostructures against oxidation, even under high-temperature conditions, during hydrothermal reactions. The intercalation of BP and the subsequent passivation with antioxidants helped prevent oxidation at high temperatures above 100 °C during hydrothermal processes.…”