Interlaboratory Trial on the Analysis of Alkylphenols, Alkylphenol Ethoxylates, and Bisphenol A in Water Samples According to ISO/CD 18857-2

Abstract

ISO/CD 18857-2 (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva) describes a new international standard method for the determination of octylphenol, nonylphenol, their mono- and diethyoxylates, and bisphenol A in nonfiltered samples of drinking, ground, surface, and wastewater. The method is based on the extraction of the analytes from an acidified water sample by solid phase extraction, solvent elution, derivatization, and determination by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. For validation of this method, 14 laboratories from 4 different countries in Europe and Canada participated in an interlaboratory trial to determine the performance characteristics of the method, which are intended for publication in the corresponding standard. The interlaboratory trial was evaluated according to ISO 5725-2 and included two duplicate nonfiltered water samples: surface water containing the target compounds in an analyte concentration range from 0.05 to 0.4 microg/L and wastewater containing the target compounds in a concentration ranged from 0.1 to 5 microg/L. The repeatability variation coefficients (within-laboratory precision) varied for all samples and compounds between 1.9 and 7.8%, showing a sufficiently high repeatability of the method. The reproducibility variation coefficients (between-laboratory precision) were found to vary within a satisfactory range of 10.0-29.5% for surface water and 10.8-22.5% for wastewater. The recoveries as a measure of accuracy varied from 98.0 to 144.1% for surface water and from 95.4 to 108.6% for wastewater. The determined concentrations of the samples compared well to the "true" values, thus showing very satisfactory accuracy of the method. In the chromatogram of the surface water sample, a high unresolved background made up of coextractable matrix compounds was apparent. It is conceivable that compounds from this background may be responsible for enhanced recoveries of 144.1% for 4-nonylphenol (mixture of isomers) and of 123.4% for 4-nonylphenol monoethoxylate (mixture of isomers) in the surface water samples. The isotope-marked standard compounds developed in this context proved to be reliable internal standards that allow a precise and accurate quantitation of all compounds specified in ISO/CD 18857-2. The results of the interlaboratory trial confirmed that the analytical method is robust and reliable and can be used as a standard method to analyze the target compounds in water samples.

Development of a Competitive ELISA for the Detection of 4-tert-Octylphenol in Seafood

“…Conclusions 4-tert-OP, one of the most common surfactants used in the production of domestic detergents and pesticide formulations, is a reported endocrine-disrupting chemical which could impair the reproductive system in aquatic species and mammals (Gronen, Denslow, Manning, Barnes and Brouwer 1999;Brooke 2002;SIDS 2005), and has the potential to stimulate the growth of human breast cancer cells (White, Jobling, Hoare, Sumpter and Parker 1994;Stottmeister et al 2000;Lee and Choi 2013). Due to their widespread usage, 4-tert-OP residues are commonly found in aquatic environments, seafood, and even fruits, representing negative impacts on human health.…”

“…For instance, OP has the potential to inhibit reproductive abilities displayed as reducing testicular size and daily sperm production in male rats (Sharpe et al 1995) and to enhance allergic disease displayed as enhancing immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated degranulation of mammalian mast cell line RBL-2H3 (RBL) (Kennedy et al 2012). More critically, it is very potent in stimulating the growth of human breast cancer cells, though about 1,000 times less potent than 17β-estradiol (White et al 1994;Stottmeister et al 2000;Lee and Choi 2013).…”

“…Due to their widespread usage, AP residues are commonly detected in aquatic environments (e.g., drinking water (0.02 μg L −1 ), river water (0.2-2 μg L −1 ), and coastal water (0.01-0.80 μg L −1 )) (Stottmeister et al 2000;Ying et al 2002; Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12161-014-0053-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Basheer et al 2005;Céspedes et al 2006;Fiedler et al 2007;Zhang et al 2008).…”

Bisphenol A migration from plastic materials: direct insight of ecotoxicity in Daphnia magna

“…The identification of BPA in the samples was done according the following conditions: (a) the relative or the absolute retention time of the sample component matched that of the authentic compound within a limit deviation of±0.02 min; (b) the selected diagnostic ions were present at the substance specific retention time; (c) the relative intensities of two of the chosen diagnostic ions measured in the sample do not deviate by more than 25 % (Stottmeister et al 2009); and comparison with comprehensive mass-spectral libraries (such as NIST) that allowed an unequivocal identification of target compound.…”

Standardized Methods for Water-Quality Assessment☆

“…Interlaboratory trials are not restricted to chemical parameters, but are performed also for microbiological methods, biotests, and methods for ecological assessment. Validation is an important element of standardization, and sometimes experiences and results of interlaboratory trials are additionally published in journals (e.g., Reifferscheid et al, 2008;Stottmeister et al, 2009). In ASTM, a collaborative study to determine precision and bias of proposed new methods for water testing is obligatory (ASTM D2777).…”