Intermittent nasal carriage with Staphylococcus aureus within a menstrual cycle

Abstract

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Prevalence of and risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in the West of Iran: a population-based cross-sectional study

“…High frequency of colonized S. aureus detected in the present survey is a matter of concern as nasal carriers are at risk of acquiring endogenous Staphylococcal infections [8]. Relatively poor personal hygiene such as facial, hand, and nostril cleaning habit is a probable reason of the high rate of SANC in the region [24]. Although a reverse association has been stated between SANC and age [14], higher prevalence of SANC among elderly women in this study is ambiguous.…”

“…This is particularly about estrogen through the exertion of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects at different physiological levels [26, 27]. On the other hand, the dynamics of SANC is indirectly affected by the existence of sex steroid receptors in the anterior nares, in addition to the microenvironment of nasal cavity which is influenced by sex hormones [24, 28]. The peak competition of respiratory pathogens to colonize in the anterior nares is in the first years of life, by which interfering of the bacteria confers their elimination or establishment [1].…”

Prevalence, Risk Factors and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) Obtained From Nares of Patients and Staff of Sokoto State-Owned Hospitals in Nigeria

“…Female sex hormones (estrogen) have been related to high nasal S. aureus carriage. Over the past two decades, studies [32] have related high estrogen levels as the impetus for a shift in S. aureus carriage status. High estrogen levels could have predisposed the participants to higher colonization by altering the properties of nasal surfaces that serve as barriers to infection (e.g., local mucosal atrophy and decreased mucin secretion).…”

Temporal changes in the nasal microbiota and host antimicrobial responses to intranasal mupirocin decolonisation: Observations in healthy staphylococcal carriers

“…The current study extended from a parent cohort study on healthy staphylococcal carriers, of whom the enrolment and follow-up procedures were described elsewhere. 13 Briefly, we sampled the anterior nares of female carriers twice per week for six consecutive menstrual cycles. Four of 15 participants requested for a standard course of topical decolonization at the end of the study, at which time (April 2015) there were no clinical consensus on screening or decolonising staphylococcal carriage in Taiwan.…”

“…Formal evaluations are required to better characterize mupirocin effects on the human nasal microbiome in absolutely noncarriers, intermittent as well as (strictly) persistent carriers. 13…”