Interplay of foot and mouth disease virus with cell‐mediated and humoral immunity of host

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the livestock industry in many countries. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of FMD that can spread rapidly by direct and indirect transmission. FMDV is internalized into host cell by the interaction between FMDV capsid proteins and cellular receptors. When the virus invades into the cells, the host antiviral system is quickly activated to suppress the replication of the virus and remove the virus. To retain fitness and host adaptation, various viruses have evolved multiple elegant strategies to manipulate host machine and circumvent the host antiviral responses. Therefore, identification of virus-host interactions is critical for understanding the host defense against virus infections and the pathogenesis of the viral infectious diseases. This review elaborates on the virus-host interactions during FMDV infection to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of FMD, and we hope it can provide insights for designing effective vaccines or drugs to prevent and control the spread of FMD and other diseases caused by picornaviruses.

Section: Pathogenesis Of Fmdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus–Host Interactions in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection

Wang

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

“…FMDV is highly prone to mutation because of the errorprone transcription of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or the high likeliness of RNA recombination during viral replication (Domingo et al 2003). Animal herds vaccinated with killed FMDV vaccines create a relevant antibody pressure on viral invasion or spread, which also accelerates the frequency of FMDV to escape from immune protection by host animals (Abubakar et al 2018). Thus, FMDVexhibits a high degree of genetic variability, resulting in the appearance of seven immunological serotypes and multiple topotypes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a competitive ELISA based on bacterium-original virus-like particles of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus for detecting serum antibodies

Ran

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

Bai

et al. 2019

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease that affects all susceptible cloven-hoofed animals, resulting in considerable economic losses to animal industries worldwide. Numerous categories of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) have been developed and widely used to evaluate herd immunity. Manufacturing inactivated FMD virus (FMDV) as a diagnostic antigen requires a facility with a high level of biosafety, but this requirement raises concern on viral leakage. In our previous study, bacterium-original FMD virus-like particles (VLPs) resemble the authentic FMDV and induce protective immunity against homologous viral challenges, thereby demonstrating that they are sufficiently safe without limitations on biosafety facilities and easily prepared. Herein, we developed a competitive ELISA (cELISA) based on FMDV-VLPs as a diagnostic antigen to evaluate herd immunity. The criterion of this cELISA was determined by detecting panels of positive sera with different antibody titers and negative sera. The working parameter of cELISA was optimized, and samples with a percentage inhibition of ≥ 50% were considered positive. The specificity of cELISA to test 277 serum samples with various antibody titers was 100%, and the sensitivity reached 96%. The coincidence rates of cELISA with a VDPro® FMDV and a PrioCHECK® FMDV type O antibody ELISA kit were 97.8% and 98.2%, respectively. Repeatability tests demonstrated that the coefficients of variation within and between runs were less than 7% and 14%, respectively. Our data demonstrated that cELISA based on bacteriumoriginal VLPs had high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. The cELISA could also be used for evaluating vaccination herd immunity effects, especially in developing countries.

“…The FMDV structural proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 of FMDV are folded into an eight-stranded wedge-shaped-barrel, and compose a major part of capsids; however, most of the antigen sites corresponding to the immune response are mainly found on the G-H loop of VP1 ( Abubakar et al, 2018 ). There is a hypervariable region on the G–H loop which may lead to the high variability of VP1 ( Fernandez-Sainz et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Fmdv Proteins Regulate Host Innate Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Proteins Regulating Host Innate Immunity

Peng

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals such as pigs, cattle, and sheep. The disease is caused by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) which has a non-enveloped virion with icosahedral symmetry that encapsulates a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of ∼8.4 kb. FMDV infection causes obvious immunosuppressive effects on the host. In recent years, studies on the immunosuppressive mechanism of FMDV have become a popular topic. In addition, studies have shown that many FMDV proteins are involved in the regulation of host innate immunity and have revealed mechanisms by which FMDV proteins mediate host innate immunity. In this review, advances in studies on the mechanisms of interaction between FMDV proteins and host innate immunity are summarized to provide a comprehensive understanding of FMDV pathogenesis and the theoretical basis for FMD prevention and control.