“…An increasing amount of research highlights the benefits of learning online through multimedia design (Mayer, 2014;Song, Kalet, & Plass, 2016), including engagement in the learning process through interactivity and flexibility (Anderson, 2008;Croxton, 2014), addressing multiple modalities and motivation (Mayer & Estrella, 2014;Park & Lim, 2007) and increasing attention and processing of information (Paas & Sweller, 2014;Park, Flowerday, & Br€ unken, 2015). However, less research has been conducted on intrinsic learner factors that contribute to optimal design and applications of multimedia.…”