Recent interest in making and materiality spans from the humanities and social sciences to engineering, science, and design. Here, we consider making through the lens of a unique computational theory of design: shape grammars. We propose a computational theory of making based on the improvisational, perception and action approach of shape grammars and the shape algebras that support them. We modify algebras for the materials (basic elements) of shapes to define algebras for the materials of objects, or things. Then we adapt shape grammars for computing shapes to making grammars for computing things. We give examples of making grammars and their algebras. We conclude by reframing designing and making in light of our computational theory of making.Keywords: computational model(s); design theory; perception; reflective practice; shape grammarThe recent wave of interest in making, materiality, and material culture -the so-called "material turn" and "new materialism" (Coole & Frost, 2010;Dolphijn & van der Tuin, 2012) -in the social sciences and humanities has been paralleled by growing attention and research on new materials, making, and manufacturing processes in engineering, science, and design. While humanists and social scientists inquire into the subjective, embodied, situated relationships between people and material things, their engineer, scientist, and designer colleagues tend to focus on technological innovations and applications of advanced materials and fabrication devices.We pursue a different tack in the terrain of making and material things. We consider making from a computational point of view. Our computational view intersects with some concerns above, but offers a distinct alternative to how we can think about and engage in making. Our view is rooted in computationbut computation beyond the narrow, digital kind of computation to a more general and perceptual kind in which people carry out operations with things that may only have digital approximations. In a similar vein, we consider making to be processes carried out by people to form material things. From this perspective, the kinds of making are extensive and diverse -ranging from drawing a picture on paper, to producing an image on a computer screen, to weaving a basket, to 3D printing a model, to machining engine parts, to constructing a building.
2In developing our computational approach to making, we also consider the relationship between making and designing, the latter often understood as an intellectual or cognitive activity resulting in a plan for action or making. Our approach collapses many of the dualisms associated with designing and making that originate with Aristotle's concept of hylomorphism. Hylomorphism regards creation as the imposition of an idea of form (morphe) upon passive material or matter (hyle). A reincarnation of hylomorphism, perhaps better known to architects, is Alberti's distinction between designing -as a "pre-ordering of the lines and angles conceived in the mind" (Alberti, 1986: p 2) -and building. Th...