Intratesticular lidocaine reduces the response to surgical castration in dogs

Huuskonen, Vilhelmiina; Hughes, JM Lynne; Bañon, Elisa Estaca; West, Ellie

doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00775.x

Cited by 31 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Additionally, a 15-min interval was added after induction with propofol, so that there was no influence of this drug during maintenance. This allowed stabilization of inhalational anesthesia and evaluation of sevoflurane and local blockade during the maintenance and post-anesthetic period, in contrast to other studies [13,20,26] that used preemptive analgesia, which can interfere with subsequent evaluations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the surgical time was standardized to 15 min to avoid extrapolating the time of action of the drugs in the testicles, since a previous study evaluating the permanence of intratesticular radioactive lidocaine in piglets observed enough analgesia for incision of the spermatic cord with a procedure time less than 20 min [28]. Therefore, surgical time was considered during elective orchiectomy so that the effect of the different drugs applied by this route can be used effectively, as reported by other authors [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EtSevo was maintained at 1.7% based on a pilot study, which showed a decrease of approximately 27% of MAC for the species in question, being 2.36 ± 0.46 V% [14]. This decrease could be attributed to the technique of balanced anesthesia, whereby the requirement of an inhalation anesthetic was reduced by an intratesticular block with lidocaine [8,13,20] or dextroketamine [8]. The local analgesic effect of maropitant has been verified by confirmation of NK-1 receptors in the periphery [5,12,30], which confirm its analgesic characteristics by promoting a reduction in CAM in dogs receiving nociceptive stimuli [1,7,19,35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Balanced anesthesia is widely reported in Veterinary Medicine [37]. The use of intratesticular block has been conventionally employed for elective orchiectomy [6,8,10,11,13,20,22,26,27,34], and can reduce the pain and nociceptive responses associated with castration [8,13,20,26]. Local anesthetics such as lidocaine have already shown proven benefits in intratesticular blocks or in the spermatic cord [6,8,10,11,13,20,22,26,27,34]; similarly, the ketamine and dextroketamine, promote effects similar to those of local anesthetics [17,18,[38][39][40] and are effective at dosages of 2.5 mg/kg for intratesticular analgesia during elective orchiectomy in dogs [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of the Effects of Maropitant, Lidocaine, and Dextroketamine Administered by the Intratesticular Route in Dogs Undergoing Elective Orchiectomy

Gomes

Dower

Stocco

et al. 2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Balanced anesthesia achieved with combinations of inhaled and injectable drugs administered systemically or in loco-regional anesthetic blocks, is widely used in veterinary medicine. The use of anesthesia and/or local analgesia has already demonstrated benefits in the performance of elective orchiectomy in different species, there is no literature that evaluates the use of the maropitant intratesticular route. The present study evaluated the cardiorespiratory variables and analgesia produced by intratesticular blockade with maropitant, lidocaine, or dextroketamine during the trans-operative period along with the discharge and anesthetic recovery of dogs that underwent elective orchiectomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Used twenty-four dogs from routine elective orchiectomy, considered healthy based on the results of clinical and hematological tests. The animals were randomly divided into three groups and was applied intratesticularly 2% lidocaine at a dose of 1 mg/kg (GL), 5% dextrocetamina at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg (GC), or 1% maropitant at a dose of 1 mg/kg (GM). Anesthesia induction was performed with propofol (to effect), and stabilization of inhalational anesthesia was achieved with 1.7 V% of sevoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer and appropriate anesthetic system based on the animal's weight, being kept under spontaneous ventilation, After induction, we waited 10 min for stabilization of exhaled anesthetic concentration and then administered one of the treatments intratesticularly. After five min from the local block the surgical procedure was started during up to 15 min. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SatO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (EtCO2), end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (EtSevo) in exhaled air, and body temperature (T°C) were measured before intratesticular administration of the agent and at specific time points during surgery, in addition to assessments of analgesia and evaluation of discharge and anesthetic recovery. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (P > 0.10). The parameters HR, RR, SAP, DAP, MAP, T, EtCO2, and SatO2 were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Scott-Knott test (Software R® 3.2.0 - 2013), considering a significance level of P < 0.05. The results did not show inter-drug differences for the evaluated variables.Discussion: It was decided not to use premedication (MPA), so that we could accurately assess the analgesic effect of drugs, lidocaine, dextroketamine and maropitant, on intratesticular block during elective orchiectomy. In this study we demonstrated that these drugs promoted analgesia, because the trans-surgical values were relatively lower compared to baseline and within physiological limits for the species. In addition, it was noted that local analgesia used was efficient since even at the time of ligature and the incision spermatic cord which is described in the literature as the most painful part of the surgical procedure. The post-anesthetic recovery and discharge were quick in the absence of MPA, local analgesia without residual effects and the use of sevoflurane. The sevoflurane has a very low blood gas coefficient solubility, resulting in a recovery fast. Therefore, we can conclude that all of the drugs promoted analgesia and cardiorespiratory stability as well as rapid anesthetic recovery for elective orchiectomy in this species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Comparison of the Effects of Maropitant, Lidocaine, and Dextroketamine Administered by the Intratesticular Route in Dogs Undergoing Elective Orchiectomy

Gomes

Dower

Stocco

et al. 2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…Testicular block (Perez et al 2013;Kushnir, Toledano, Cohen, Bdolah-Abram, & Shilo-Benjamini, 2017;Huuskonen, Hughes, Estaca, & West, 2013;McMillan, Seymour, & Brearley, 2012) Figure 7A&B (Carpenter et al 2004). In this study, the local anaesthetic drug was diluted to a total volume of 0.88 ml/kg.…”

Section: Testicular Blockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local and regional anaesthesia in dogs and cats: Descriptions of specific local and regional techniques (Part 2)

Grubb

Lobprise

2020

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Pain management in veterinary patients is a crucial component of appropriate patient care. Local anaesthetic drugs used in local and regional blockade can completely block the transmission of nociceptive impulses, decreasing both intra-operative nociception and postoperative pain, while decreasing the potential incidence of adverse effects that can be associated with systemic boluses of drugs. For efficacy and safety, this class of drugs is recommended as part of the analgesic protocol in the majority of surgical procedures and traumatic injuries. Numerous local and regional blocks are proven effective in dogs and cats, thus providing the clinician with ample opportunity to include these blocks in practice. This manuscript, Part 2 of a two-part instalment, focuses on brief descriptions of select commonly used local/regional anaesthesia techniques for dogs and cats that cover a multitude of painful surgeries/injuries and that can be implemented in any practice. In Part 1 of this topic, detailed information on local anaesthetic drugs commonly used in small animal practice was reviewed . K E Y W O R D Sanalgesia, bupivacaine, liposome-encapsulated, local anaesthetics, local block This article is linked to "Local and regio nal anaes thesi a in dogs and cats: Overv iew of conce pts and drugs (Part 1)."

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Loco‐Regional Anesthesia

Schroeder

2015

Questions and Answers in Small Animal Anesthesia

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Intratesticular lidocaine reduces the response to surgical castration in dogs

Cited by 31 publications

References 20 publications

Comparison of the Effects of Maropitant, Lidocaine, and Dextroketamine Administered by the Intratesticular Route in Dogs Undergoing Elective Orchiectomy

Comparison of the Effects of Maropitant, Lidocaine, and Dextroketamine Administered by the Intratesticular Route in Dogs Undergoing Elective Orchiectomy

Local and regional anaesthesia in dogs and cats: Descriptions of specific local and regional techniques (Part 2)

Loco‐Regional Anesthesia

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