This study takes up the perspective of material book history to revisit the
paradox of identity and difference that has always been central to translation. I
will argue here that a cognitive effect of identity in translation—which I am
calling the “copy effect”—remains to be grappled with theoretically in its own
right, and that contemporary theory has generally used the idea of “identity” in
translation as a mute antithesis from which to repel with discourse privileging
variance and difference. My goal here is to talk about the identity inherent in any
translation, and the powerful effect of formal identity that a good number of
translations display. First, I will address the paradox itself. Then I will draw
attention to the material side of the verbal and linguistic and make a sharp
distinction between two types of “form” that textual discourse can take: (1) a
“stylistic form” that is qualitative and that translators feel free to vary; and (2)
a “Pythagorean form” that is primarily quantitative and derived from textual
materiality, and that translators tend to map over with a stricter attention to
invariance. Translation scholars, we will see, have been reluctant to distinguish
between these two types of form, which has resulted in denials and elisions
conflicting with the material evidence of translation. Then I will pursue this
material perspective on translation and seek out discourse situating a “copy effect”
historically and culturally. This will lead to a discussion of Rita Copeland’s
connection between translation and the classical and medieval copia
verborum. Finally, I will enter into a new line of reflection opened by
Anthony Pym, and propose that through the copia verborum and its historic
and contemporary use in construing literalist translations, a compelling analogy can
be drawn between medieval translation practices and modern-day digital ones using
translation memories.