Investigating the underlying mechanism of resistance to Ascaris infection

Dold, Christina; Holland, Celia V.

doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.09.013

Cited by 29 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Host genetics ultimately determines susceptibility or resistance to parasite infection through innate or acquired immunity (60). Therefore, the role of genetic factors and immunological parameters in predisposition to infection with helminths was recently emphasized (61), and the relevance of these observations to Toxocara sp. infection should be explored further.…”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Toxocara canis and T. cati are highly prevalent nematode infections of the intestines of dogs and cats. In paratenic hosts, larvae do not mature in the intestine but instead migrate through the somatic tissues and organs of the body. The presence of these migrating larvae can contribute to pathology. Toxocara larvae can invade the brains of humans, and while case descriptions of cerebral toxocariasis are historically rare, improved diagnosis and greater awareness have contributed to increased detection. Despite this, cerebral or neurological toxocariasis (NT) remains a poorly understood phenomenon. Furthermore, our understanding of cognitive deficits due to toxocariasis in human populations remains particularly deficient. Recent data describe an enhanced expression of biomarkers associated with brain injury, such as GFAP, AβPP, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), NF-L, S100B, tTG, and p-tau, in mice receiving even low doses of Toxocara ova. Finally, this review outlines a hypothesis to explore the relationship between the presence of T. canis larvae in the brain and the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to enhanced AD-associated neurodegenerative biomarker expression.

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Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?

et al. 2015

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“…SNPs at two genes within the last of these regions, LIG4 and TNFSF13B, have shown associations with levels of IgG and IgE against Ascaris in a Colombian sample, suggesting that they could affect susceptibility to infection by promoting a protective humoral response against the parasite [86]. Candidate gene association studies of Ascaris infection intensity have shown significant results not only for IL13 [75] and STAT6 [68,75], as previously discussed, but also for IFNG [75]and ADRB2 (located in the 5q31-q33 region) [87] loci [6]. Recently, a large (N = 1353) candidate gene association study was conducted in Brazil, and showed that IL10 SNPs play a role in susceptibility to current and chronic infection with both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura.…”

Section: Soil-transmitted Helminth Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Actually, for many parasitic diseases, a heritable component has been demonstrated. Evidence has been gained with a variety of approaches, including twin studies, observation of familial clustering, pedigree-based variance component analysis and segregation analysis, and studies of ethnic groups that share the same environmental exposure but show different susceptibilities [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Although parasitic diseases are clearly of multifactorial origin, the genetic architecture underlying susceptibility varies, with two possible extremes being represented by malaria, in which the genetic component is more probably explained by the additive effect of many loci with small to modest penetrance [11], and Schistosoma infection, in which one major locus with high penetrance seems to be involved [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host genetics and parasitic infections

Mangano

Modiano

2014

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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Parasites still impose a high death and disability burden on human populations, and are therefore likely to act as selective factors for genetic adaptations. Genetic epidemiological investigation of parasitic diseases is aimed at disentangling the mechanisms underlying immunity and pathogenesis by looking for associations or linkages between loci and susceptibility phenotypes. Until recently, most studies used a candidate gene approach and were relatively underpowered, with few attempts at replicating findings in different populations. However, in the last 5 years, genome-wide and/or multicentre studies have been conducted for severe malaria, visceral leishmaniasis, and cardiac Chagas disease, providing some novel important insights. Furthermore, studies of helminth infections have repeatedly shown the involvement of common loci in regulating susceptibility to distinct diseases such as schistosomiasis, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and onchocherciasis. As more studies are conducted, evidence is increasing that at least some of the identified susceptibility loci are shared not only among parasitic diseases but also with immunological disorders such as allergy or autoimmune disease, suggesting that parasites may have played a role in driving the evolution of the immune system.

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“…89 Infection elicits the production of cytokines, predominantly associated with a Th2-type response, and antibodies of all isotypes, particularly IgE and Ascaris-specific IgE. 90,91 These immunoglobulins do not seem to be protective; 92 rather, they reflect current or past infection.…”

Section: The Role Of Host Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%