Investigation of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes and dogs in Pakistan by detection of copro-DNA

Damages to Himalayan White Pine (Pinus wallichiana) by Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Kaghan Valley, Pakistan

“…This process continues until the complete unwrapping and the trees are dry and weak. They no longer support their weight during high storms and finally fall to the ground [1,6].…”

“…Primarily, black bears target young conifer trees (15 to 25 years old) and up to 1000 trees per hectare. Incisor teeth play a vital role in phloem removal and leave clear tooth marks on the tree xylem [6][7][8]. These damages are very severe to the forest as bears always target the most energetic and healthy trees within the forest [6,[9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

“…Incisor teeth play a vital role in phloem removal and leave clear tooth marks on the tree xylem [6][7][8]. These damages are very severe to the forest as bears always target the most energetic and healthy trees within the forest [6,[9][10][11][12][13][14]. When the growth of the plant peaks during the May month, the phloem contains more sugars and bears continuously feed upon the sapwood of the coniferous trees [9,10].…”

“…When the growth of the plant peaks during the May month, the phloem contains more sugars and bears continuously feed upon the sapwood of the coniferous trees [9,10]. Sugar (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) is used as the primary source of energy when bears emerge from the den during the late winter season [6,15]. A single black bear damaged 60-70 trees during foraging in the moist forest of western Washington [16].…”

A review of human alveolar echinococcosis in the Republic of Armenia from 2008 to 2020

“…Small mammals, predominantly rodents (mainly rodents belonging to family Arvicolinae ) are intermediate hosts with the larvae stage in their liver. Humans, domestic and wild pigs, monkeys are accidental (aberrant) intermediate hosts ( Eckert et al, 2001 ; Kreidl et al, 1998 ; Kern et al, 2004 ; Baumann et al, 2019 ; Khan et al, 2021 ; Oksanen et al, 2016 ). Wild rodents are infected via water and plants contaminated with parasitic eggs that are excreted within faeces of the definitive hosts ( Baumann et al, 2019 ; Torgerson et al, 2010 ).…”