Involvement of a Second Xanthophyll Cycle in Non-Photochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll Fluorescence: The Lutein Epoxide Story

Changes in photosynthesis and carotenoid composition of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in response to low-light stress and low temperature combined with low-light stress

“…Car are involved in plant photosynthesis and photoprotection (Kumar et al 2013, Joubert et al 2016. Several reports have shown that two xanthophyll cycles exist in plant bodies: one is the VAZ cycle, which is commonly present in all plants and includes Vio, Ant, and Zea that can be interconverted, and the other is the lutein epoxide (Lx) cycle (Lx-L cycle) containing lutein and lutein epoxide (Esteban and García-Plazaola 2014). Plants grown under stress exhibit photoinhibition, which results in a decrease of photosynthesis due to excessive light that cannot be used by plants and causes light damage to the photosystems.…”

Diversity in Xanthophyll Cycle Pigments Content and Related Nonphotochemical Quenching (NPQ) Among Microalgae: Implications for Growth Strategy and Ecology

“…There are two main XCs (note that there is also a lutein cycle in plants, see Esteban and García‐Plazaola ): (i) the violaxanthin (V) cycle, found in higher plants, in the green (Chlorophyta) and brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and in the Chromeraceae Chromera velia (member of the Alveolate clade), and (ii) the diadinoxanthin (Dd) cycle, found in the main algal classes Bacillariophyceae (denoted as “diatoms” elsewhere in the text), Xanthophyceae, Haptophyceae, and Dinophyceae (Goss and Jakob , Goss and Lepetit ). In Dd‐containing algae, the violaxanthin cycle can also be observed depending on species and light conditions (Lohr and Wilhelm , Blommaert et al.…”

“…). Indeed, XC pigments are not totally and exclusively involved in the NPQ process, which contributes to their apparent global quenching efficiency, because they have additional photoprotective functions such as, in particular, antioxidants (Esteban and García‐Plazaola , Havaux and García‐Plazaola ). An apparently loser link between xanthophyll cycle content, DES, and related NPQ depends on many intracellular variables including the synthesis and function of NPQ regulatory partners other than the XC pigments, and firstly a large diversity of proteins of the light‐harvesting complex‐LHC (Büchel , Wobbe et al.…”

Lipid Dependence of Xanthophyll Cycling in Higher Plants and Algae

“…The presence of Vx cycle pigments in Ddx cycle containing algae is especially visible during longer periods of high light exposure when a pronounced de novo synthesis of Ddx cycle pigments is taking place. In addition to these two xanthophyll cycles, the existence of a lutein epoxide (Lx) cycle has been shown which is, however, restricted to some families of higher plants (Esteban and Garcia-Plazaola, 2014). Some members of the Prasinophyceae, which represent a class of unicellular green algae, or some species within the genus Gracilaria belonging to the Rodophyta are characterized by a modified Vx cycle (Goss et al, 1998;Bertrand and Schoefs, 1999;Cardol et al, 2008).…”