Ion Release from Copper Phosphate Cement and Influence on <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> Growth in vitro: A Comparative Study

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a black copper cement (BCC), an established restorative material (a conventional glass ionomer cement) and two temporary restorative materials (a zinc phosphate and a zinc polycarboxylate cement) on the growth of Streptococcus mutans in vitro, and to correlate bacterial growth with ion release from each material. Test specimens were eluted in either 0.1 M lactic acid, pH 4, or 0.1 M sodium chloride, pH 7. At 2 days, 7 days, 28 days and 6 months, eluates were inoculated with S. mutans and bacterial growth was recorded. Metal ion (Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺and Mg²⁺) and fluoride release were measured. At most immersion times, the different materials had a statistically significant inhibitory effect on bacterial growth compared to the respective control, at both pH levels. The inhibitory effect decreased with time and in most cases was associated with high levels of ion release at the beginning of the experimental period, followed by significantly lower levels. For BCC, there were statistically significant relationships between the median rates of growth of S. mutans in the presence of BCC eluates and the median values for release of copper and zinc, although not magnesium. Of the different materials, BCC demonstrated greatest antibacterial activity.

RETRACTED: Preparation and characterization of zinc glycerolate: UV protection, biological activity and permeation study

“…It can be physically retained on the skin healing with minimal or no skin irritation to provide antioxidant photoprotection to the skin [23], protect the skin against UV-induced skin damage, such as sunburn, cancer, premature ageing, photoallergies [8] and prevent microbial proliferation [9]. Its antimicrobial activities are similar with other zinc complexes such as zinc chloride, zinc oxide, zinc acetate, zinc phosphate and zinc polycarboxylate [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. Therefore, we envisaged that zinc glycerolate is able to exert its antimicrobial properties by liberation of Zn 2+ by hydrolysis.…”

The antibacterial effects of zinc ion migration from zinc-based glass polyalkenoate cements

“…Meanwhile, Foley and Blackwell [12] have reported the highest rate of zinc release from zinc-containing cements to occur after 2 days -the shortest incubation period investigated in their analysis -and a zinc release rate of "effectively zero" after 28 days.…”

“…Zinc-containing materials such as zinc phosphate and zinc polycarboxylate cements have been utilised for a number of years in clinical dentistry, due to their ability to release ions that inhibit the growth of caries-related bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus [12,13]. In addition to its antibacterial activities, zinc is important in healthy bone growth and development [14] and is required for effective functioning of the body's immune system [15,16].…”

Anticariogenic and Antibacterial Properties of a Copper Varnish Using an In Vitro Microbial Caries Model

“…Most of the published data about copper cement discussed the germicidal effect but not the availability of the active ingredient for the media or the mechanism release of the ions. 6,10,[29][30] The data from Group 1 demonstrates that small plugs remaining after removal of most of the varnish material is, however, not sufficient to interfere with the caries process.…”

“…Copper ions have been reported to have an antibacterial effect both in vitro [6][7][8][9][10][11] and in vivo. 12 Copper reduces the number of bacteria on tooth surfaces.…”