Ionization of M subshells of Pb atoms by electron impact in an energy range of 5–30 keV

M‐X‐ray satellite lines of heavy elements due to multiple ionization

“…The present values are in agreement with the experimental values for Au by Cr K α ‐X‐ray (5.415 keV) radiation and for Bi and Th by electron impact ionization. However, for the values for Au by Cu K α (8.048 keV) radiation, the present model gives larger values than the measured and calculated values of Borovoy et al , …”

“…In the theoretical model of Borovoy et al ., they confined by themselves to the maximum number of transitions as two successive transitions in one shell and one transition between different shells. They also included the contributions from the shake process followed by the radiative transition between M subshells, but the contributions from some successive CK transitions are neglected.…”

“…Recently, Borovoy et al , proposed the model to estimate the relative intensities of the M α ‐X‐ray and M β ‐X‐ray satellites accompanying photoionization. In the latter work, the contributions from the initial L‐shell vacancies are also taken into consideration.…”

“…In addition, the intensities of the satellite lines are weak in comparison with those of the corresponding diagram lines. It is only recently that M‐X‐ray satellites in the case of soft collisions have been observed separately, and their energies and relative intensities have been investigated by photoionization and by electron impact ionization …”

“…Recently, Borovoy et al , proposed the model to estimate the relative intensities of the M α ‐X‐ray and M β ‐X‐ray satellites accompanying photoionization. In the latter work, the contributions from the initial L‐shell vacancies are also taken into consideration. Although their model gives good agreement with their own experimental results, the expressions for line intensities are different from the standard equations, which have been conventionally used for analysis of M‐shell X‐ray spectra .…”