“…Previous studies have shown that Pb 2+ causes disruption of Na + , Cl -and Ca 2+ regulation and disruption in hemoglobin synthesis (Hodson et al, 1978;Rogers et al, 2003Rogers et al, , 2005Rogers and Wood, 2004 , by which this metal directly competes with Ca 2+ for uptake at calcium binding sites and can enter the cells through similar transport pathways (Verbost et al, 1987(Verbost et al, , 1989Spry and Wood, 1985;Rainbow and Blackmore, 2001). Similarly, waterborne Ca 2+ has a marked protective effect against waterborne Cd 2+ toxicity to brook trout (Carrol et al, 1979), tilapia (Pratap et al, 1989;Pratap and Wendelaar Bonga, 1993) and rainbow trout (Hollis et al, 2000;Hansen et al, 2002;Baldisserotto et al, 2005).…”