IoT and UAV Integration in 5G Hybrid Terrestrial-Satellite Networks

Marchese, Mario; Moheddine, Aya; Patrone, Fabio

doi:10.3390/s19173704

Cited by 115 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The work in [57] discusses the relationship between the location of the UAV and energy consumption based on the sensor's transmission policy. [58] presents a multi-layer hybrid IoT-UAV-satellite architecture to optimize coverage and densification. Mignardi in [59] discusses the importance of proper trajectory design for UAV while serving NB-IoT nodes.…”

Section: Unmanned Aerial Base Stationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

System Assessment of WUSN Using NB-IoT UAV-Aided Networks in Potato Crops

et al. 2020

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are part of precision agriculture; also, their impact on fast deployable wireless communication is offering new solutions and systems never envisioned before such as collecting information from underground sensors by using low power Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. In this paper, we propose a (Narrow Band IoT) NB-IoT system for collecting underground soil parameters in potato crops using a UAV-aided network. To this end, a simulation tool implementing a gateway mounted on a UAV using NB-IoT based access network and LTE based backhaul network is developed. This tool evaluates the performance of a realistic scenario in a potato field near Bogota, Colombia, accounting for real size packets in a complete IoT application. While computing the wireless link quality, it allocates access and backhaul resources simultaneously based on the technologies used. We compare the performance of wireless underground sensors buried in dry and wet soils at four different depths. Results show that a single drone with 50 seconds of flight time could satisfy more than 2000 sensors deployed in a 20 hectares field, depending on the buried depth and soil characteristics. We found that an optimal flight altitude is located between 60 m and 80 m for buried sensors. Moreover, we establish that the water content reduces the maximum reachable buried depth from 70 cm in dry soils, down to 30 cm in wet ones. Besides, we found that in the proposed scenario, sensors' battery life could last up to 82 months for above ground sensors and 77 months for the deepest buried ones. Finally, we discuss the influence of the sensor's density and buried depth, the flight service time and altitude in power-constrained conditions and we propose optimal configuration to improve system performance. INDEX TERMS Precision agriculture, NB-IoT, unmanned aerial vehicles, wireless underground sensor networks.

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Section: Unmanned Aerial Base Stationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

System Assessment of WUSN Using NB-IoT UAV-Aided Networks in Potato Crops

et al. 2020

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“…The UAV is an important component of the fifth generation mobile network (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) communication because of its capability of flexible deployment, strong LoS communication links, and freedom with controlled mobility [ 32 ]. 5G must support a larger number of users/devices requiring internet connectivity with different performance requirements and a larger number of applications and use cases.…”

Section: Uiot Communication Architecture and Application Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medium Access Control Protocols for the Internet of Things Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Comparative Survey

Khisa

Moh

2020

Sensors

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The Internet of Things (IoT), which consists of a large number of small low-cost devices, has become a leading solution for smart cities, smart agriculture, smart buildings, smart grids, e-healthcare, etc. Integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with IoT can result in an airborne UAV-based IoT (UIoT) system and facilitate various value-added services from sky to ground. In addition to wireless sensors, various kinds of IoT devices are connected in UIoT, making the network more heterogeneous. In a UIoT system, for achieving high throughput in an energy-efficient manner, it is crucial to design an efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol because the MAC layer is responsible for coordinating access among the IoT devices in the shared wireless medium. Thus, various MAC protocols with different objectives have been reported for UIoT. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no survey had been performed so far that dedicatedly covers MAC protocols for UIoT. Hence, in this study, state-of-the-art MAC protocols for UIoT are investigated. First, the communication architecture and important design considerations of MAC protocols for UIoT are examined. Subsequently, different MAC protocols for UIoT are classified, reviewed, and discussed with regard to the main ideas, innovative features, advantages, limitations, application domains, and potential future improvements. The reviewed MAC protocols are qualitatively compared with regard to various operational characteristics and system parameters. Additionally, important open research issues and challenges with recommended solutions are summarized and discussed.

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“…As shown in Figure 1, the satellite gNodeB located on the earth connects to UEs via the transparent GEO satellite. This setup supports simultaneous transmissions from the satellite gNodeB via the transparent GEO satellite to different UEs [29]. This transmission setup is envisaged to have feedback from the UE to the satellite gNodeB for not only link adaptation purposes but also to determine the transmission rate [30].…”

Section: Satellite Air Interfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrum Management Schemes for Internet of Remote Things (IoRT) Devices in 5G Networks via GEO Satellite

Aiyetoro

Owolawi

2019

Future Internet

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The rapid growth of not just mobile devices but also Internet of Things (IoT) devices has introduced a new paradigm in mobile networks. This evolution and the continuous need to provide spectrum efficient, high data rates, low latency, and low energy consumption radio access networks have led to the emergence of fifth generation (5G) networks. Due to technical and economical limitations, the satellite air interface is expected to complement the 5G terrestrial air interface in the provision of 5G services including IoT communications. More importantly, it is on this premise that the 5G satellite air interface is expected to provide network access to IoT devices in rural and remote areas termed Internet of Remote Things (IoRT). While this remains an interesting solution, several radio resource management issues exist. One of them, spectrum management, in the 5G satellite as it affects IoRT communications, remains unclear. Hence, the aim of this paper is to investigate and recommend the spectrum management scheme that will be most suitable not only for Human-to-Human communications but also Machine-to-Machine communications in 5G satellite networks. In order to conduct this investigation, a new dynamic scheduling scheme that will be suitable for such a scenario is proposed in this paper. The investigation is conducted through simulations, using throughput, delay, spectral efficiency, and fairness index as the performance metrics.Also, recent studies estimate that approximately 4 billion people still lack access to internet [17]. The economic and technical viabilities of the implementation of terrestrial global coverage remains infeasible not only due to rural and remote areas but also passengers on high-speed trains, speed boats or aircrafts. Hence, the need for the satellite segment to complement the terrestrial network infrastructure in the envisaged 5G communication systems cannot be over emphasized in order to address the limitations of the terrestrial network infrastructure. The satellite components will also be able to support new machine-type communications-based applications and the new 5G system is expected to accommodate diverse RANs to operate together, including satellites [18]. It is also envisaged that the satellite systems can support all the use case scenarios that the terrestrial counterparts will be able to provide [19]. It is indeed well recognized that one of the directions in the evolution of the 5G is towards the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) and it is the concept of smart objects that drives the implementation of this new paradigm [20]. No doubt, the satellite communications systems have the potential to play a crucial role in this 5G framework for different reasons.Firstly, smart objects are often located over a wide geographical area, remote or inaccessible. This scenario of IoT is referred to as the Internet of (Remote) Things (IoRT). In the IoRT scenario, satellite communication systems provide a more cost-effective solution with respect to other terrestrial technologies. Secondly, s...

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IoT and UAV Integration in 5G Hybrid Terrestrial-Satellite Networks

Cited by 115 publications

References 27 publications

System Assessment of WUSN Using NB-IoT UAV-Aided Networks in Potato Crops

System Assessment of WUSN Using NB-IoT UAV-Aided Networks in Potato Crops

Medium Access Control Protocols for the Internet of Things Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Comparative Survey

Spectrum Management Schemes for Internet of Remote Things (IoRT) Devices in 5G Networks via GEO Satellite

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