Iron, zinc and vitamin C nutritional status is not related to weight gain in pregnant women

Pfeffer, Frania; Valdés‐Ramos, Roxana; Ávila‐Rosas, Héctor; Meza, Carlos; Casanueva, Esther

doi:10.1016/0271-5317(96)00034-6

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Mean serum zinc levels measured in the third trimester (12.8 AE 2.0 mmolaL) were similar to those found in other groups of pregnant women by Ac Ëkurt et al (1995) (7.7 AE 2.1 mmolaL), Nagra (1994) (21.6 AE 7.8 mmolaL in urban areas of Pakistan and 18.5 AE 6.9 mmolaL in rural areas), Neggers et al (1990) (11.4 AE 1.7 mmolaL), Pfeffer et al (1996) (13.8 mmolaL) and Wolfe et al (1994) (10.0± 11.5 mmolaL). Wasasowicz et al (1993) found no signi®cant relationship between blood zinc concentration and the number of children previously borne by a group of English mothers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…These authors found 45.8% of pregnant women working in the plantations of Sri Lanka to have serum zinc levels below 8 mmolaL, and Ac Ëkurt et al (1995) found 72.3% of pregnant Turkish women to have less than 10 mmolaL. However, Pfeffer et al (1996) found 15±35% of pregnant women to have serum zinc levels below 12.2 mmolaL, a lower ®gure than that seen in the present study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

“…The number of cases in the lower end of the distribution would probably be underestimated (Solomons and Allen, 1983). It is also possible that the accepted normal limits for serum zinc need to be rede®ned (Pfeffer et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pfeffer et al (1996) suggest that a biochemical evaluation of nutritional status should be performed systematically during pregnancy to detect speci®c nutrient de®ciencies according to the prevalence of speci®c de®ciencies in the studied population. These authors include zinc evaluation as a routine procedure in antenatal care.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atukorala et al (1994) indicate that the normal limit for serum zinc levels in pregnant women is 8 mmolaL. Other ®gures quoted are 10.7 mmolaL according to Jameson (1975), and 12.2 mmolaL according to Pfeffer et al (1996). Ac Ëkurt et al (1995) indicate that there is a high risk of zinc de®ciency if serum levels fall below 9.2 mmolaL, a moderate risk if these values fall between 9.2±10 mmolaL and little risk if they are !…”

Section: Biochemical Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zinc levels in maternal milk: the influence of nutritional status with respect to zinc during the third trimester of pregnancy

et al. 1997

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Objective: To study the relationship between nutritional status with respect to zinc during the third trimester of pregnancy and levels of the same mineral in transition milk (days 13 and 14 of lactation) and mature milk (day 40 of lactation). Design: Longitudinal study. Subjects: A group of 57 healthy, lactating mothers aged between 18 and 35 y (27 AE 3.7) whose pregnancy and labour were attended by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Cuenca INSALUD Hospital, Spain. Interventions: Zinc intake during the third trimester was determined by recording the consumption of foods over a ®ve day period and by registering zinc provided by dietary supplements. Zinc levels in maternal serum during this stage of pregnancy, and in transition and mature milk, were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results: During pregnancy all subjects showed zinc intakes lower than those recommended. Only one pregnant subject took a supplement that provided extra zinc (1 mgad). Subjects with an intake of lower than 50% of that recommended (L) (43.9%) showed signi®cantly lower serum and mature milk zinc levels than did those with higher intakes (H) (56.1%) [12.0 AE 1.5 mmolaL and 28.7 AE 6.2 mmolaL compared to 13.3 AE 2.6 mmolaL and 33.1 AE 8.0 mmolaL respectively]. 56% of L subjects and 28.6% of H subjects showed serum zinc levels of less than 12.2 mmolaL. 8% of L subjects and no H subjects showed less than 11.5 mmolaL of zinc in maternal milk. Conclusions: The diet conditions maternal serum zinc levels during pregnancy and those of milk during lactation. Though all subjects showed intakes clearly below those recommended, low levels in serum or milk were much rarer. These results support the idea that there is a need to reset the limits of normality for serum and milk zinc levels. Further work in this area may con®rm that the present recommended intakes of zinc be modi®ed. Sponsporship: This work was supported by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias de la Seguridad Social (FISss).

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