“…In contrast, research based on corpora corroborate their use as cohesive devices, i.e. for maintaining solidarity in situations of social equality (Anolli et al, 2001;Gibbs and Colston, 2001;Norrick, 2003;Giora and Gur, 2003); as differentiating factors in terms of gender (Lampert and Ervin-Tripp, 1998, 2006, 2006Davies, 2003Davies, , 2006Norrick andSpitz, 2008, 2010); and even in an intercultural and contrastive context (Dynel and Sinkeviciute, 2017;Mullan and B eal, 2018;Haugh and Weinglass, 2018;Priego-Valverde, Bigi, Attardo, Pickering and Gironzetti, 2018;Sinkeviciute and Dynel, 2019;Mullan et al, 2020). 3 Focused on irony and humor in spontaneous conversation, a line of research is devoted to the type of response provided by the listener (Eisterhold et al, 2006;Attardo et al 2011Attardo et al , 2013Attardo 2019Attardo , 2020.…”