Is carcinogenesis a form of speciation?

Origin of metastases: Subspecies of cancers generated by intrinsic karyotypic variations

“…29 Since Kras mutations are, however, shared by metastases and parental cancers in our case, they cannot be metastasis-specific. Moreover, since Kras mutations are in no more than 70% of human pancreatic cancers, 17,34,35 this mutation is also not cancer-specific. Kinetics of the origins of metastases from cancers.…”

“…Since cancers are species with quasi-flexible karyotypes, they can generate new subspecies such as metastases by karyotypic rearrangements independent of mutation. 17,52 this flexibility of cancer karyotypes is a consequence of an equilibrium between two competing forces: (1) Inherited imbalances of normal mitosis genes destabilizing cancer karyotypes. these imbalances reflect the very karyotypic rearrangements that generated cancers from normal cells.…”

“…Since metastases severely complicate the diagnosis and treatment of cancers, they have long been compared with primary cancers for clues of causative changes. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Despite these efforts, which we analyze below, Molecular Biology of the Cell writes in its latest edition, "The changes in tumor cells that lead to metastasis are still largely a mystery" and "We have yet to identify mutations that specifically permit cells to invade surrounding tissues, spread through the body and form metastases." 19 If mutations would, however, "permit" cells to metastasize, normal cells should metastasize just as much as cancer cells, since the mutation rates of cancers and normal cells are about the same.…”

Scientific and Theoretical Validation of Development of Personalized Anti-Cancer Cell Preparation Onthe Bases of Clinical Oncoproteomics Technology

“…На смену ей пришла ин новационная теория канцерогенеза как формы видообразования [11]. Но, помимо инновацион ной теории, еще нужен новый технологический подход для ее реализации.…”

Chromothripsie, et pourquoi pas chromosomothripsie ?

“…Ce processus aboutit à la formation d'une cellule cancéreuse, c'est-à-dire d'une cellule qui a acquis au moins 6 propriétés qui toutes favorisent la croissance tumorale [4] : indépendance vis-à-vis des signaux stimulant la croissance, insensibilité aux signaux inhibant la croissance, disparition du processus de mort cellulaire programmée (apoptose), potentiel illimité de prolifération, stimulation de l'angiogenèse et pouvoir d'invasion des tissus et de donner des métastases. La carcinogenèse serait donc un processus gradualiste et quelques auteurs n'ont pas hésité à établir un paralléle avec la théorie de l'évolution de Darwin [4,12], certains allant même jusqu'à comparer la carcinogenèse à une spéciation [2].…”