Is food intake regulation based on signals arising in carbohydrate metabolism inherently inadequate for accurate regulation of energy balance on high-fat diets?

Flatt, J. P.

doi:10.1017/s0140525x00000327

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…In humans, blood glucose response to the ingestion of four different highcarbohydrate foods has been shown to be related to the rate of gastric emptying (19). It has been suggested that rapid intestinal absorption of simple carbohydrate may lead to an abrupt termination of glucose influx, which in turn could elicit earlier and sharper food intake signals even in the presence of ample endogenous carbohydrate (8). Furthermore, the return of hunger subsequent to meal ingestion has been found to be commensurate with the gastric emptying of that meal (27).…”

Section: R342mentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood glucose patterns and appetite in time-blinded humans: carbohydrate versus fat

Melanson

Westerterp-Plantenga

Smith

et al. 1999

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

108

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Melanson, Kathleen J., Margriet S. WesterterpPlantenga, Wim H. M. Saris, Franç oise J. Smith, and L. Arthur Campfield. Blood glucose patterns and appetite in time-blinded humans: carbohydrate versus fat. Am. J. Physiol. 277 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 46): R337-R345, 1999.-We assessed the extent to which a possible synchronization between transient blood glucose declines and spontaneous meal initiation would lend support to the interpretation of a preload study with isoenergetic (1 MJ) isovolumetric high-fat or simple carbohydrate (CHO) preload drinks. Ten men (18-30 yr) fasted overnight and then were time blinded and made aware that they could request meals anytime. At first meal requests, volunteers consumed a preload; ad libitum meals were offered at subsequent requests. Postabsorptively, transient declines in blood glucose were associated with meal requests ( 2 ϭ 8.29). Subsequent meal requests occurred during ''dynamic declines'' in blood glucose after the peak induced by drink consumption (100%). These meal requests took twice as long to occur after high-fat than after CHO preloads (fat ϭ 126 Ϯ 21, CHO ϭ 65 Ϯ 15 min), consistent with differences in interpolated 65-min satiety scores (fat ϭ 38 Ϯ 8.2, CHO ϭ 16 Ϯ 4). Postprandially, transient blood glucose declines were associated with meal requests ( 2 ϭ 4.30). Spontaneous meal initiations were synchronized with transient and dynamic blood glucose declines. Synchronization of intermeal interval and dynamic declines related to higher satiating efficiency from high-fat preloads than from simple CHO preloads. glucostatic theory; food intake regulation; intermeal interval; satiety; hunger AN UNDERSTANDING OF FOOD intake regulation in humans is of profound clinical importance, particularly in approaching the prevention and treatment of obesity and eating disorders. Physiological, psychological, emotional, social, and cultural factors interact in a very complex manner to determine an individual's food intake. These various factors have been studied extensively over the past several decades,

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Section: R342mentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood glucose patterns and appetite in time-blinded humans: carbohydrate versus fat

Melanson

Westerterp-Plantenga

Smith

et al. 1999

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A second explanation for the absence of transient declines in the postabsorptive state may be that subjects were overweight, therefore having a less pronounced food intake regulation and blood glucose response compared with young lean male subjects (Björntorp, 1972). Further research is needed to assess whether the absence of postabsorptive transient declines is due to the energy balance state (negative v. positive energy balance) or to subject's characteristics (overweight v. lean) (Flatt, 1981). If the absence of transient declines is related to a negative energy balance, the relationship between spontaneous meal initiations and transient declines in blood glucose is only present within a normal physiological range of energy (carbohydrate) status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbohydrate metabolism has been proposed to be fundamental in the regulation of food intake, due to its limited storage, high turnover rate, immediate and tight regulation, and its critical role as fuel source for the central nervous system (Mayer, 1953;Flatt, 1981). The glucostatic hypothesis postulates that reduced glucose utilization in critical brain regions leads to perception and expression of hunger in animals (Mayer, 1953;Steffens, 1970;Louis-Sylvestre & Le Magnen, 1980;Campfield et al 1985;Flatt, 1996) and human subjects (Campfield et al 1996;Melanson et al 1999a,c).…”

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confidence: 99%

Associations between spontaneous meal initiations and blood glucose dynamics in overweight men in negative energy balance

et al. 2002

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The aim of the present study was to investigate associations between spontaneous meal initiations and blood glucose dynamics in overweight male subjects in negative energy balance. In a randomized crossover design, fifteen overweight male subjects (BMI 28 : 6 (SD 1 : 8 kg/m 2 ) participated in three treatments, each of which consisted of 2 weeks consuming a low-energy diet followed by a test of voluntary food ingestion in the absence of time-related cues. The low-energy diet consisted of three daily meals (947 kJ) which were either semi-solid with or without 2 : 5 g guar gum, or solid, and a dinner of subject's own choice. During the time-blinded test, on the first, second, and third meal initiation subjects ingested a low-energy meal corresponding to that used during the preceding weeks. Changes in blood glucose were monitored on-line. Associations between spontaneous meal initiations and blood glucose dynamics were determined using the x 2 test. No difference was found between treatments in the occurrence of postabsorptive and postprandial declines in blood glucose or in associations between meal initiations and blood glucose dynamics. Postprandial dynamic blood glucose declines were associated with meal initiation (x 2 26 : 8, P,0 : 001), but postabsorptive and postprandial transient declines were not. In overweight subjects, the usual association between transient declines and spontaneous meal initiation was completely absent in negative energy balance.

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Habitual meal frequency and energy intake regulation in partially temporally isolated men

2002

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OBJECTIVE: Assessment of a possible relationship between habitual as well as manipulated meal frequency, blood glucose pattern, macronutrient-and energy intake (EI), and energy intake regulation in partially temporally isolated men. DESIGN: A partially temporally isolated within-subject design assessing energy intake regulation in spite of intervention. Intervention consisted of manipulating meal frequency by offering iso-energetic (1 MJ) preloads high in fat or carbohydrate (CHO), with the same energy density. We have previously shown that after a high-CHO preload, inter-meal-interval was 1 h, while after a high-fat preload intermeal-interval was 2 h. SUBJECTS: Twenty healthy young (18 -31 y) normal weight (body mass index (BMI): 22.8 AE 1.9 kg=m 2 ) men. MEASUREMENTS: On two separate days, each after a different preload: subsequent subjects' responses to the preload, eg manipulated meal frequency; continuous blood glucose levels and blood glucose patterns: macronutrient composition of food intake; EI; appetite ratings; and taste perception. From controlled 3-day food intake diaries: habitual meal frequency; EI; and macronutrient-intake. RESULTS: Accuracy of energy intake regulation is expressed as minimizing the difference in energy intake, despite intervention. The difference in 24 h EI on the two test days after the preloads (r 2 ¼ 0.56; P < 0.001) was a function of habitual meal frequency. Variation in energy intake was primarily explained by habitual meal frequency (r 2 ¼ 0.76; P < 0.0001). Adding macronutrient composition and number of blood glucose declines to this increased the explained variation to 86 and 96%, respectively. Percentage energy from CHO or from fat explained the variation in habitual meal frequency (r 2 ¼ 0.84; P < 0.0001). Adding the total number of blood-glucose declines to this increased the explained variation to 88%, and adding average baseline blood glucose levels, sweetness perception and hunger suppression during preload consumption increased the explained variation to 91%. Manipulated meal frequency was related to habitual meal frequency (r 2 ¼ 0.86; P < 0.0001) and was a function of the number of transient and dynamic blood glucose declines (r 2 ¼ 0.74; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Habitual meal frequency is of greater significance in energy intake regulation in healthy young men than manipulated meal frequency. Healthy young men with a high habitual meal frequency showed lower 24 h EI, and a smaller difference in EI after macronutrient specific preloads, compared to those with a low habitual meal frequency, thus showing a more accurate energy intake regulation. Habitual meal frequency is based upon a cluster of related factors including macronutrient composition of the food, sweetness perception, hunger suppression, blood glucose declines and average baseline blood glucose levels.

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Is food intake regulation based on signals arising in carbohydrate metabolism inherently inadequate for accurate regulation of energy balance on high-fat diets?

Cited by 4 publications

References 298 publications

Blood glucose patterns and appetite in time-blinded humans: carbohydrate versus fat

Blood glucose patterns and appetite in time-blinded humans: carbohydrate versus fat

Associations between spontaneous meal initiations and blood glucose dynamics in overweight men in negative energy balance

Habitual meal frequency and energy intake regulation in partially temporally isolated men

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