Is the number of photons a classical invariant?

Avron, J. E.; Berg, Erez; Goldsmith, Donald; Gordon, Ariel

doi:10.1088/0143-0807/20/3/304

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Also notice that both I and N are Lorentz invariants, as wellknown to flow from the general (unlike, e.g., in Ref. [123]) properties of the continuity equation [111,Sec. 2.6].…”

Section: B Application To the Minkowski Spacetimementioning

confidence: 99%

Axiomatic geometrical optics, Abraham-Minkowski controversy, and photon properties derived classically

Dodin

Fisch

2012

Phys. Rev. A

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By restating geometrical optics within the field-theoretical approach, the classical concept of a photon (and, more generally, any elementary excitation) in arbitrary dispersive medium is introduced, and photon properties are calculated unambiguously. In particular, the canonical and kinetic momenta carried by a photon, as well as the two corresponding energy-momentum tensors of a wave, are derived from first principles of Lagrangian mechanics. As an example application of this formalism, the Abraham-Minkowski controversy pertaining to the definitions of these quantities is resolved for linear waves of arbitrary nature, and corrections to the traditional formulas for the photon kinetic energy-momentum are found. Several other applications of axiomatic geometrical optics to electromagnetic waves are also presented.

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“…Also notice that both I and N are Lorentz invariants, as wellknown to flow from the general (unlike, e.g., in Ref. [123]) properties of the continuity equation [111,Sec. 2.6].…”

Section: B Application To the Minkowski Spacetimementioning

confidence: 99%

Axiomatic geometrical optics, Abraham-Minkowski controversy, and photon properties derived classically

Dodin

Fisch

2012

Phys. Rev. A

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“…From Ref. [45], it is known that photon number states, including the vacuum, are invariant states under Lorentz transforms, and remain orthogonal in all reference frames.…”

Section: B Type II Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Relativistic corrections to photonic entangled states for the space-based quantum network

et al. 2020

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In recent years there has been a great deal of focus on a globe-spanning quantum network, including linked satellites for applications ranging from quantum key distribution to distributed sensors and clocks. In many of these schemes, relativistic transformations may have deleterious effects on the purity of the distributed entangled pairs. In this paper, we make a comparison of several entanglement distribution schemes in the context of special relativity. We consider three types of entangled photon states: polarization, single photon, and Laguerre-Gauss mode entangled states. All three types of entangled states suffer relativistic corrections, albeit in different ways. These relativistic effects become important in the context of applications such as quantum clock synchronization, where high fidelity entanglement distribution is required.

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“…(This method of counting photons was proposed by Zel'dovich, 1966; see also Bialynicki-Birula, 1996, pg. 318;Avron et al , 1999. ) One can generate a number 25 Because the transformed fields are complex-valued, | E( k)| 2 is shorthand for E * ( k) · E( k).…”

Section: Photons and The Classical Electromagnetic Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forces on fields

Sebens

2018

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in

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In electromagnetism, as in Newton's mechanics, action is always equal to reaction. The force from the electromagnetic field on matter is balanced by an equal and opposite force from matter on the field. We generally speak only of forces exerted by the field, not forces exerted upon the field. But, we should not be hesitant to speak of forces acting on the field. The electromagnetic field closely resembles a relativistic fluid and responds to forces in the same way. Analyzing this analogy sheds light on the inertial role played by the field's mass, the status of Maxwell's stress tensor, and the nature of the electromagnetic field.

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Is the number of photons a classical invariant?

Abstract: We describe an apparent puzzle in classical electrodynamics and its resolution. It is concerned with the Lorentz invariance of the classical analog of the number of photons.

Cited by 15 publications

References 6 publications

Axiomatic geometrical optics, Abraham-Minkowski controversy, and photon properties derived classically

Axiomatic geometrical optics, Abraham-Minkowski controversy, and photon properties derived classically

Relativistic corrections to photonic entangled states for the space-based quantum network

Forces on fields

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