ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A VIRUS THAT INFECTS <i>EMILIANIA HUXLEYI</i> (HAPTOPHYTA)<sup>1</sup>

Castberg, Tonje; Thyrhaug, Runar; Larsen, Aud; Sandaa, Ruth Anne; Heldal, Mikal; Etten, James L. Van; Bratbak, Gunnar

doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.02015.x

Cited by 93 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Satellite-derived, true color imagery by SeaWiFS verified the absence of coccolithophore bloom conditions. This was notable, as previous reports of E. huxleyi virus isolations most often involved environments containing high concentrations of host organisms, such as in blooms (Bratbak et al 1993, Castberg et al 2002. We note here some more recent viral isolations from GOM samples collected as late as October 2005, when coccolithophore concentrations were well below detection limits.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Plaques continued to increase in size for approximately 1 wk, sometimes attaining diameters of 15 mm. The speed of plaque development and plaque size exhibited by these isolates was greater than those previously reported for viruses isolated from the English Channel and Norwegian coastal waters (Castberg et al 2002). Plaque-associated viruses kept in the incubator under the described growth conditions maintained infectivity for many weeks after plaques had fully developed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

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Isolation of Emiliania huxleyi viruses from the Gulf of Maine

Balch¹,

Novotny²,

Vining³

et al. 2010

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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Viruses infective to the marine coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi were isolated from waters of the Gulf of Maine during May and June of 2004, a period when ambient E. huxleyi concentrations were minimal. Three DNA-containing, ether-insensitive virus isolates possessed icosahedral symmetry, and were 130 to 160 nm in diameter. All isolates caused complete lysis of host cultures within 4 d, produced large plaques on host lawns in agarose and were stable at -72°C for at least 18 mo. Originally propagated on the 88E strain of E. huxleyi, none of the viral isolates were able to infect related host strains, including several that were native to the Gulf of Maine. They were also noninfectious for strains of Synechococcus and Micromonas pusilla. One-step growth studies showed a high level of virus propagation during the first 24 h, a period when corresponding host populations were quite stable. This finding led us to speculate that virus progeny might be leaking from intact hosts during this period, with eventual host lysis occurring later. The viruses appeared to be highly infectious, with multiplicities of infection (MOI) as low as 10 -5 clearing host cultures within 96 h. Similar efficiencies were seen when host concentrations were as low as 10 2 cells ml -1

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Isolation of Emiliania huxleyi viruses from the Gulf of Maine

Balch¹,

Novotny²,

Vining³

et al. 2010

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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“…The use of the highly conserved DNA polymerase gene turned out to be a good genetic marker for classiWcation of dsDNA algal viruses. The Phaeocystis viruses have indeed large dsDNA genomes, about 485 kb in size for PpV (Castberg et al 2002), and either 177 or 466 kb for PgV ( Fig. 2; Baudoux and Brussaard 2005).…”

Section: Isolation and Characterization Of Viruses Infecting Phaeocystismentioning

confidence: 97%

Phaeocystis and its interaction with viruses

et al. 2007

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Over the years, viruses have been shown to be mortality agents for a wide range of phytoplankton species, including species within the genus Phaeocystis (Prymnesiophyceae). With its polymorphic life cycle, its worldwide distribution, and the capacity of several of the Phaeocystis species to form dense blooms, this genus is a key player for our understanding of biogeochemical cycling of elements. This paper provides an overview of what is know to date about the ecological role of viruses in regulating Phaeocystis population dynamics. It explores which variables aVect the algal host-virus interactions, and examines the impact of virally induced cell lysis of Phaeocystis on the function and structure of the pelagic food web as well as on the Xow of organic carbon and nutrients.

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“…The first phycodnavirus isolated, MpV, infects the universally distributed prymnesiophyte Micromonas pusilla (Mayer and Taylor, 1979). Other phycodnaviruses have since been isolated that infect a number of important members of the phytoplankton including toxic bloom formers such as Heterosigma akashiwo (Nagasaki and Yamaguchi, 1997) and Aureococcus anophagefferens (Milligan and Cosper, 1994), and the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Castberg et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of inteins among diverse DNA polymerase genes of uncultivated members of the Phycodnaviridae

2008

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Viruses in the family Phycodnaviridae infect autotrophic protists in aquatic environments. Application of a PCR assay targeting the DNA polymerase of viruses in this family has revealed that phycodnaviruses are quite diverse and appear to be widespread, but a limited number of environments have been examined so far. In this study, we examined the sequence diversity among viral DNA pol genes amplified by PCR from subtropical coastal waters of O'ahu, Hawai'i. A total of 18 novel prasinovirus-like sequences were detected along with two other divergent sequences that differ at the genus-level relative to other sequences in the family. Of the 20 new sequence types reported here, three were serendipitously found to contain protein introns, or inteins. Sequence analysis of the inteins suggested that all three have self-splicing domains and are apparently capable of removing themselves from the translated polymerase protein. Two of the three also appear to be 'active', meaning they encode all the motifs necessary for a complete dodecapeptide homing endonuclease, and are therefore capable of horizontal transfer. A subsequent PCR survey of our samples with intein-specific primers suggested that intein-containing phycodnaviruses are common in this environment. A search for similar sequences in metagenomic data sets from other oceans indicated that viral inteins are also widespread, but how these genetic parasites might be influencing the ecology and evolution of phycodnaviruses remains unclear.

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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A VIRUS THAT INFECTS EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (HAPTOPHYTA)¹

Cited by 93 publications

References 57 publications

Isolation of Emiliania huxleyi viruses from the Gulf of Maine

Isolation of Emiliania huxleyi viruses from the Gulf of Maine

Phaeocystis and its interaction with viruses

Detection of inteins among diverse DNA polymerase genes of uncultivated members of the Phycodnaviridae

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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A VIRUS THAT INFECTS EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (HAPTOPHYTA)1

Cited by 93 publications

References 57 publications

Isolation of Emiliania huxleyi viruses from the Gulf of Maine

Isolation of Emiliania huxleyi viruses from the Gulf of Maine

Phaeocystis and its interaction with viruses

Detection of inteins among diverse DNA polymerase genes of uncultivated members of the Phycodnaviridae

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Product

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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A VIRUS THAT INFECTS EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (HAPTOPHYTA)¹