Isolation and characterization of phytotoxins associated with Streptomyces scabies

King, Russell R.; Lawrence, Christopher; Clark, Merv C.; Calhoun, Larry A.

doi:10.1039/c39890000849

Cited by 150 publications

(123 citation statements)

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“…Purified thaxtomins elicit symptoms in host tissue identical to those caused by infection with a virulent form of the pathogen (King et al, 1989(King et al, , 1992Lawrence et al, 1990). Phytotoxic activity has been observed in a wide variety of seedlings of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant species, including Arabidopsis (Leiner et al, 1996;King et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thaxtomin A (Figure 1) is a phytotoxin produced by several species of the gram-positive filamentous bacteria in the genus Streptomyces (including S. scabie s, S. acidiscabies , and S. turgidiscabies ) that cause scab disease in potato and in several taproot crops such as radish and turnip (King et al, 1989(King et al, , 1991Lawrence et al, 1990;Loria et al, 1995Loria et al, , 1997Miyajima et al, 1998). Potato scab is a disease of major economic importance in most potato-producing areas of the world (Lambert and Loria, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thaxtomin A is the most prominent member of a series of at least 11 unique 4-nitroindol-3-yl-containing 2,5-dioxopiperazines produced by S. scabie s and S. acidiscabies (King et al, 1989;Lawrence et al, 1990;King and Lawrence, 1996). Thaxtomin A is synthesized by two peptide synthase genes ( txtA and txtB ) that were cloned recently (Healy et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Arabidopsis Mutant Resistant to Thaxtomin A, a Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitor fromStreptomycesSpecies[W]

et al. 2003

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Thaxtomin A is a phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces scabies and other Streptomyces species, the causative agents of common scab disease in potato and other taproot crops. At nanomolar concentrations, thaxtomin causes dramatic cell swelling, reduced seedling growth, and inhibition of cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis. We identified a mutant of Arabidopsis, designated txr1 , that exhibits increased resistance to thaxtomin as a result of a decrease in the rate of toxin uptake. The TXR1 gene was identified by map-based cloning and found to encode a novel, small protein with no apparent motifs or organelle-targeting signals. The protein, which has homologs in all fully sequenced eukaryotic genomes, is expressed in all tissues and during all developmental stages analyzed. Microarray transcript profiling of some 14,300 genes revealed two stomatin-like genes that were expressed differentially in the txr1 mutant and the wild type. We propose that TXR1 is a regulator of a transport mechanism.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Arabidopsis Mutant Resistant to Thaxtomin A, a Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitor fromStreptomycesSpecies[W]

et al. 2003

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“…Within the Australian potato industry, annual losses of up to 4% of the industry's value have been attributed to this disease in recent years, mainly through rejected seed and/or increased processing costs (42). Central to pathogenicity is the pathogen's production of the phytotoxin thaxtomin A, a modified dipeptide molecule that appears to inhibit cellulose biosynthesis (17,20,25,26).…”

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confidence: 99%

Auxin-Induced Resistance to Common Scab Disease of Potato Linked to Inhibition of Thaxtomin A Toxicity

et al. 2008

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Production of the phytotoxin thaxtomin A by pathogenic Streptomyces spp. is essential for induction of common scab disease in potato. Prior studies have shown that foliar application of sublethal concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and other auxin or auxin-like compounds significantly reduced severity and occurrence of common scab in subsequently produced tubers. However, the means of disease suppression by these compounds was not known. We confirm the disease suppressive activity of 2,4-D. Detailed tuber physiological examination showed that lenticel numbers, lenticel external dimensions, and periderm thickness and structure, physiological features believed to be critical to Streptomyces scabiei infection, were not substantially changed by 2,4-D treatments, negating a possible mechanism for disease suppression through alteration of these structures. In contrast, our studies show accumulation of 2,4-D in tubers of treated plants occurs and is associated with an enhanced tolerance to thaxtomin A. Applying 2,4-D to cultures of S. scabiei did not significantly alter in vitro growth of the pathogen. Thaxtomin A production by the pathogen was inhibited by 2,4-D, but only at the highest rate tested (1.0 mM), which is at least 200-fold more than is found in 2,4-D treated tubers. These data suggest 2,4-D has no direct effect on the pathogen or its virulence. Confirmatory evidence from studies with Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings demonstrated that the auxins 2,4-D and IAA ameliorate thaxtomin A toxicity. The evidence presented whereby auxin treatment inhibits toxicity of thaxtomin A secreted by the pathogen suggests a novel indirect means of disease suppression.

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“…Moreover, since these diseases disfigure tubers or tuberous roots, they cause significant economic losses. These diseases are caused by phytotoxins: three types of phytotoxins, thaxtomins [2][3][4] , concanamycins 5,6) and FD-891 7) have been isolated from phytopathogenic Streptomyces spp. by King et al and by our group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and structural properties of aerial mycelium differentiation-inhibitory substances against Streptomyces scabiei causing potato common scab

et al. 2007

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The inhibitor of aerial mycelium differentiation in Streptomyces scabiei, a pathogen of potato common scab, was searched. An actinomycete isolated from the field was found to produce inhibitors and two active substances were isolated as single peaks with HPLC. The molecular weights of inhibitors A and B were 1156.5 and 1140.5, respectively. Numbers of functional groups in inhibitor A were estimated by derivatization reactions. Inhibitor A seems to be a non-peptidic or non-saccharic substance because enzymatic treatments with pepsin, trypsin or glycosidases did not affect the LC-MS profiles or inhibitory activity.

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Isolation and characterization of phytotoxins associated with Streptomyces scabies

Cited by 150 publications

References 0 publications

An Arabidopsis Mutant Resistant to Thaxtomin A, a Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitor fromStreptomycesSpecies[W]

An Arabidopsis Mutant Resistant to Thaxtomin A, a Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitor fromStreptomycesSpecies[W]

Auxin-Induced Resistance to Common Scab Disease of Potato Linked to Inhibition of Thaxtomin A Toxicity

Isolation and structural properties of aerial mycelium differentiation-inhibitory substances against Streptomyces scabiei causing potato common scab

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