Isolation and identification of microorganisms associated with automated teller machines on Federal Polytechnic Ede campus

Dawodu, O. G.; Akanbi, R. B.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254658

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This study reveals significant bacterial contamination of fomites in all the three facilities, with Gram-positive bacteria (71.9%) being isolated more frequently than Gram-negative bacteria (28.1%). The increased predominance of Grampositive bacteria over Gram-negative bacteria is consistent with prior research and corroborates the assertion that Grampositive bacteria outnumber Gram-negative bacteria as the primary group of bacteria recovered from fomites [18,19]. This observation is due to the fact that Gram-positive bacteria are a natural part of both healthy and sick people's body flora and can be spread by hand, respiratory tract, or contact with animate or inanimate objects [20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

High prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in fomites in a tertiary institution in Southwestern Nigeria

Dada

Odetoyin

Adeyemo

et al. 2023

J CONTEMP STUD EPIDEMIOL PUBLIC HEALTH

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Background: The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a major threat to public and environmental health because they limit treatment options against infections. Fomites have been implicated in the spread of pathogenic and resistant bacteria, making them an important source of disease. This study was carried out to determine the frequency and characteristics of resistant bacteria linked with environmental fomites in a tertiary institution in Nigeria as part of global efforts to provide information to contain the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Methods: 300 swab samples, determined by factorial design, were aseptically collected from 10 fomites in 10 locations in three different facilities at Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria, and transported to the laboratory for processing. The isolates were identified by standard procedure and the MicrobactTM identification kit. The susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. MDR bacteria were examined for the presence of plasmids using the alkali lysis method, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, and methicillin resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction. Results: 89 diverse bacteria were isolated from fomites in the study environment. Staphylococcus aureus (49.4%) predominated among the bacteria, followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10.1%), Providencia stuartti (5.6%), Proteus vulgaris (4.5%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (3.4%). The isolates were commonly (84%-100%) resistant to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, and augmentin, while the least (8%-12.5%) resistance was to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, meropenem, and streptomycin. 58 (65.2%) isolates were MDR, and the majority (27.6%) were isolated from floors. 47 (81%) MDR isolates harbored plasmids, with their molecular weights between 2.697 kbp and 4.011 kbp. mecA, TEM, and OqXAB resistance genes were detected in S. aureus, P. stuarttii, Pseudomonas sp, and K. oxytoca. Conclusions: This study has shown that fomites in the sampled locations are potential reservoirs for MDR bacteria, and may serve as sources of their transmission, thereby posing a threat to public health. Therefore, appropriate sanitary measures are required to prevent any potential cross-contamination. In addition, it is imperative to regularly survey environments for bacterial contamination to increase community awareness and education regarding hygiene standards.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

High prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in fomites in a tertiary institution in Southwestern Nigeria

Dada

Odetoyin

Adeyemo

et al. 2023

J CONTEMP STUD EPIDEMIOL PUBLIC HEALTH

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“…placed and also on the microbial flora of the human handling them. Similar bacteria were reported on lids of beverage cans (Michaels et al, 2003), other inanimate objects such as keyboards mobile phones (Koscova, Hurnikova, & Pistl, 2018), ICU equipments (Nazeri et al, 2019) and Automated Teller Machines ATM (Dawodu & Akanbi, 2021).…”

Section: Cleaning Experimentssupporting

confidence: 65%

Tops of Beverage Cans Are a Potential Source of Infection: A Study of Bacterial Load Present on the Lids of Beverage Cans

Hafeez¹,

Hasnain

2022

JMMG

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It is common practice to drink directly from tops of beverage cans which are exposed to environmental contaminants during handling and storage. The purpose of this research was to determine the bacterial load present on the lids of beverage cans and find out the ways to significantly reduce the number of bacteria present on them. One hundred and eighty apparently clean and non-refrigerated beverage cans were collected from different shops and divided into two groups. First group was used for cleaning experiments and second group was used to determine the effect of refrigeration on bacterial load. Different types of bacteria were isolated which belonged to Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Streptococcus spp, Klebsiella spp and Escherichia spp. AST result pattern of S. aureus isolates did not show the presence of MRSA and MSSA. E. coli isolates were found to be highly sensitive to ceftriaxone and highly resistant to erythromycin. Cleaning with tap water plus wiping with dry tissue resulted in maximum removal of bacterial load (76.6%) as compared to other methods (68.8% with dry tissue and 47.3% with tap water) and is thus the most effective method for this purpose. Refrigeration lowered the bacterial load by 16.6%, but it depends upon the type of bacteria present. Beverage cans are present in different environments and are handled by different people and thus can be a potential source of infection for the consumers. It is highly recommended that beverage cans should be cleaned before drinking.

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“…44,45,46,47], and also identified by other researchers on ATM surfaces [e.g. 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Analysis of percentage contribution showed that the dominant groups of microorganisms, both on the examined surfaces and in the air, were Gram-positive cocci and filamentous fungi.…”

Section: Microbiological Contamination Of the Air In Premises Housing...mentioning

confidence: 56%

Viral, bacterial, and fungal contamination of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)

Górny¹,

Stobnicka-Kupiec²,

Gołofit-Szymczak³

et al. 2022

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Introduction andObjective. While the qualitative information about bacterial and fungal pollution of automated teller machine (ATM) surfaces is available in the scientific literature, there are practically no studies precisely quantifying this type of contamination. Regarding viruses, such data in relation to ATM surfaces are not available at all. Materials and method. The quantitative and qualitative control of adeno-and coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 (based on qPCR/RT-qPCR and v-qPCR/v-RT-qPCR), bacterial and fungal contaminants (based on morphological and biochemical characteristics followed by PCR/RAPD typing) deposited on internal and external ATM surfaces (swab sampling), as well as present in the air of premises housing the ATM machines (inertial impaction sampling) belonging to the network of one of the largest Polish banks was performed. Results. As the air of premises housing ATMs was relatively clean, the internal (i.e. safe boxes and cash dispenser tracks) and external (i.e. touch screens and keypads) ATM surfaces were heavily polluted, reaching 599 CFU/cm 2 , 522 CFU/cm 2 , 17288 gc/cm 2 and 2512 gc/cm 2 for bacterial, fungal, coronaviral and adenoviral contaminants, respectively. The application of propidium monoazide (PMA) dye pretreatment for v-qPCR/v-RT-qPCR allows detection of the potentially infectious SARS-CoV-2 and adenoviral particulates on ATM surfaces. Conclusions. The packaged banknotes and people involved in their distribution, as well as general population using ATMs, can be the sources of this type of contamination and its potential victims. Highly efficient hygienic measures should be introduced to prevent unwanted pollution of both the distributed means of payment and ATM surfaces, and to avoid subsequent dissemination of microbial contaminants.

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Isolation and identification of microorganisms associated with automated teller machines on Federal Polytechnic Ede campus

Cited by 17 publications

References 41 publications

High prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in fomites in a tertiary institution in Southwestern Nigeria

High prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in fomites in a tertiary institution in Southwestern Nigeria

Tops of Beverage Cans Are a Potential Source of Infection: A Study of Bacterial Load Present on the Lids of Beverage Cans

Viral, bacterial, and fungal contamination of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)

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