Isolation, identification, and serotyping of Avibacterium paragallinarum from quails in Indonesia with typical infectious coryza disease symptoms

Abstract

Background and AimInfectious coryza (IC) or snot is an infectious upper respiratory disease affecting chickens and birds, including quails, and it is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum. The symptoms of IC are facial swelling, malodorous nasal discharge, and lacrimation. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and serotype the A. paragallinarum of snot in quails and to determine the sensitivity and resistance to several antibiotics.Materials and MethodsNine quails from Yogyakarta, Indonesia with typical snot disease symptoms were used in this study. The nasal swab was obtained and directly streaked onto a chocolate agar plate and blood agar plate (BAP), then incubated in 5% CO2 at 37°C for 24-48 h. Staphylococcus spp. was cross-streaked onto the BAP to show the satellite growth. The observation of the morphology of the suspected colony, Gram staining, and biochemical tests (catalase test, oxidase test, urease test, peptone test, and carbohydrate fermentation such as maltose, mannitol, lactose, and sorbitol) are done to identify the species of bacteria. This research also detects the serovar of A. paragallinarum using hemagglutination inhibition test.The antibiotic sensitivity tests were also performed using several antibiotics against five A. paragallinarum isolates that were cultured on Mueller–Hinton Agar and added with antibiotic discs, then incubated in 5% CO2 at 37°C for 24–48 h.ResultsFive isolates out of nine suspected isolates (55.5%) were A. paragallinarum. The growth of isolates from quails did not depend on the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (NAD-independent). Sensitivity test was done using the five identified A. paragallinarum isolates, results showed that they were 100% sensitive to amoxicillin (AMC) and ampicillin (AMP); 100% resistant toward amikacin (AK), erythromycin (E), gentamycin (CN), and tetracycline (TE); 80% resistant toward kanamycin (K) and trimethoprim (W); 60% resistant toward chloramphenicol (C); and 20% toward enrofloxacin (ENR). The antibiotics that have an intermediate sensitivity (in between sensitive and resistant) were ENR and K, 80% and 20%, respectively. Three out of five A. paragallinarum isolates were identified as serovar B of A. paragallinarum using HI test.ConclusionFive out of nine isolates (55.5%) from quails with typical IC disease symptoms identified as A. paragallinarum and sensitive toward AMC and AMP. Three out of five A. paragallinarum isolates were identified as serovar B.

Efficacy of tetravalent coryza vaccine against the challenge of Avibacterium paragallinarum serovars A and B isolates from Indonesia in chickens

“…The HI test was conducted using four HA units of antigen and 1% glutaraldehyde-fixed chicken red blood cells (GA-RBCs), as previously described [15-17]. Forty-microliter volumes of doubling dilutions of antisera at 1:5 to 1:1280 were prepared in phosphate buffer saline-bovine serum albumin-gelatin.…”

“…Plates were read after 1 h at room temperature. The titers were expressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of a serum sample that showed complete inhibition of the hemagglutinating activity [15-17].…”

A Comprehensive Review on the Common Emerging Diseases in Quails.

“…In Indonesia, 5 out of 9 isolates (55.5%) of A. paragallinarum were identified from quails with typical sinusitis and facial edema. However, 3 out of 5 isolates were serologically identified as serovar B (Wahyuni et al, 2018). Recently, the migration pattern of A. paragallinarum was studied after experimental infection of Japanese quails and chicken.…”

“…The antibiogram of A. paragallinarum in Japanese quails revealed complete (100%) resistance to ampicillin, neomycin, pefloxacin, cocotrimoxazole, furazolidone, streptomycin, cephalexin and amikacin, 90% to gentamycin and 70% to oxytetracycline (Thenmozi and Malmarungan, 2013). Appropriate treatment requires antibiotic sensitivity tests to select effective and efficient drugs against the infection (Wahyuni et al, 2018). Diseased quails should be isolated from healthy ones and preventive sanitary measures, such as cleaning and disinfection of utensils, washing hands, and change shoes during visiting the farm, should be applied (Blackall and Yamamoto, 1989;Blackall and Hinz, 2008)…”

Qualitative Analysis of Lactobacillus Strains in Milk Probiotics

“…After few minutes slide was examined to detect the presence of bubble or froth on the slide. A positive and a negative control were used as E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively[8].…”