Isotype Defects

Burg, Mirjam van der; Weemaes, C.M.R.; Cunningham‐Rundles, Charlotte

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405546-9.00016-9

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 188 publications

(139 reference statements)

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“…IgG subclass ordering has restricted utility, and is thus not a consensus for IEI diagnosis, although it can be particularly useful in SIgAD associated with recurrent sinopulmonary infections ( 20 – 39 ).…”

Section: Predominantly Antibody Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review on the Standardization and Quality Assessment of Nonfunctional Laboratory Tests Frequently Used to Identify Inborn Errors of Immunity

et al. 2021

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Inborn errors of immunity (IEI), which were previously termed primary immunodeficiency diseases, represent a large and growing heterogeneous group of diseases that are mostly monogenic. In addition to increased susceptibility to infections, other clinical phenotypes have recently been associated with IEI, such as autoimmune disorders, severe allergies, autoinflammatory disorders, benign lymphoproliferative diseases, and malignant manifestations. The IUIS 2019 classification comprises 430 distinct defects that, although rare individually, represent a group affecting a significant number of patients, with an overall prevalence of 1:1,200-2,000 in the general population. Early IEI diagnosis is critical for appropriate therapy and genetic counseling, however, this process is deeply dependent on accurate laboratory tests. Despite the striking importance of laboratory data for clinical immunologists, several IEI-relevant immunoassays still lack standardization, including standardized protocols, reference materials, and external quality assessment programs. Moreover, well-established reference values mostly remain to be determined, especially for early ages, when the most severe conditions manifest and diagnosis is critical for patient survival. In this article, we intend to approach the issue of standardization and quality control of the nonfunctional diagnostic tests used for IEI, focusing on those frequently utilized in clinical practice. Herein, we will focus on discussing the issues of nonfunctional immunoassays (flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and turbidimetry/nephelometry, among others), as defined by the pure quantification of proteins or cell subsets without cell activation or cell culture-based methods.

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Section: Predominantly Antibody Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review on the Standardization and Quality Assessment of Nonfunctional Laboratory Tests Frequently Used to Identify Inborn Errors of Immunity

et al. 2021

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“…It is a potent mast cell activator able to trigger mast cell degranulation and downstream responses with a minute amount (Actor, 2014). It exists in trace amounts in plasma but the amount can be substantially elevated in allergic reactions (Gould and Beavil, 1998; van der Burg et al, 2014). It possesses an additional constant region, CH 4 , which particularly restricts it to bind to high affinity IgE receptors on mast cells and basophils (Flaherty, 2012).…”

Section: Inhibition Of Allergen-specific Igementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The secreted IgE molecules bond to the high affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) on the mast cells and basophils surfaces via their Fc portion, forming IgE-FcɛRI complexes. In this form, the half-life of IgE can be prolonged to two to three weeks or sometimes can even be retained on the cell surface for months (Actor, 2014; van der Burg et al, 2014). Upon the re-exposure to the same antigen, the antigen will cross-link with the IgE-FcεRI complexes which then lead to mast cell degranulation (Actor, 2014).…”

Section: Inhibition Of Allergen-specific Igementioning

confidence: 99%

Lamiaceae: An Insight on Their Anti-Allergic Potential and Its Mechanisms of Action

2019

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The prevalence of allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy and atopic dermatitis has increased dramatically in recent decades. Conventional therapies for allergy can induce undesirable effects and hence patients tend to seek alternative therapies like natural compounds. Considering the fact above, there is an urgency to discover potential medicinal plants as future candidates in the development of novel anti-allergic therapeutic agents. The Lamiaceae family, or mint family, is a diverse plant family which encompasses more than 7,000 species and with a cosmopolitan distribution. A number of species from this family has been widely employed as ethnomedicine against allergic inflammatory skin diseases and allergic asthma in traditional practices. Phytochemical analysis of the Lamiaceae family has reported the presence of flavonoids, flavones, flavanones, flavonoid glycosides, monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenoids, essential oil and fatty acids. Numerous investigations have highlighted the anti-allergic activities of Lamiaceae species with their active principles and crude extracts. Henceforth, this review has the ultimate aim of compiling the up-to-date (2018) findings of published scientific information about the anti-allergic activities of Lamiaceae species. In addition, the botanical features, medicinal uses, chemical constituents and toxicological studies of Lamiaceae species were also documented. The method employed for data collection in this review was mainly the exploration of the PubMed, Ovid and Scopus databases. Additional research studies were obtained from the reference lists of retrieved articles. This comprehensive summarization serves as a useful resource for a better understanding of Lamiaceae species. The anti-allergic mechanisms related to Lamiaceae species are also reviewed extensively which aids in future exploration of the anti-allergic potential of Lamiaceae species.

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“…Antibodies are capable of recognizing foreign antigens by a specific match to epitopes. This specific interaction and binding between IgG and targeted proteins triggers an immune response against the protein, and typically, the protein is neutralized [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity of Endolysin PlyC

et al. 2022

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Endolysins are bacteriolytic enzymes derived from bacteriophages. They represent an alternative to antibiotics, since they are not susceptible to conventional antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Since non-human proteins are efficient inducers of specific immune responses, including the IgG response or the development of an allergic response mediated by IgE, we evaluated the general immunogenicity of the highly active antibacterial enzyme, PlyC, in a human population and in a mouse model. The study includes the identification of molecular epitopes of PlyC. The overall assessment of potential hypersensitivity to this protein and PlyC-specific IgE testing was also conducted in mice. PlyC induced efficient IgG production in mice, and the molecular analysis revealed that PlyC-specific IgG interacted with four immunogenic regions identified within the PlyCA subunit. In humans, approximately 10% of the population demonstrated IgG reactivity to the PlyCB subunit only, which is attributed to cross-reactions since this was a naïve serum. Of note, in spite of being immunogenic, PlyC induced a normal immune response, without hypersensitivity, since both the animals challenged with PlyC and in the human population PlyC-specific IgE was not detected.

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Isotype Defects

Cited by 4 publications

References 188 publications

A Critical Review on the Standardization and Quality Assessment of Nonfunctional Laboratory Tests Frequently Used to Identify Inborn Errors of Immunity

A Critical Review on the Standardization and Quality Assessment of Nonfunctional Laboratory Tests Frequently Used to Identify Inborn Errors of Immunity

Lamiaceae: An Insight on Their Anti-Allergic Potential and Its Mechanisms of Action

Immunogenicity of Endolysin PlyC

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