“…IA, also known as 2-methylidenebutanedioic acid, is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid with conjugated double bonds (Blumhoff et al, 2013). Owing to its valuable chemical properties, IA has been used as an important raw material for the synthesis of fiber, resin, plastic, rubber, paint, surfactants, ion-exchange resins, and lubricants (Dwiarti et al, 2007). In addition, valuable chemicals derived from fossil fuels, such as acrylic acid, acetone cyanohydrin, maleic anhydride, and sodium tripolyphosphate, could be replaced by IA (Pomogailo et al, 2010;Shang et al, 2009).…”