Jakarta Bay Reclamation: The Challenge Between Policy, Environmental and Social Impacts

Abstract

Coastal areas have strategic value for the development of national economy and the improvement of people’s welfare and are at the same time very vulnerable to damage and destruction. Therefore, it is necessary to manage them wisely by placing economic interests in proportion with the environmental and social interests, both in the short and long term. A good policy should be in accordance with the needs of the community and its benefits to the community. Such as the policy regarding the Jakarta Bay reclamation, whether it benefits the interests of the public or those of the owners of capital. The Environmental Review of the Jakarta reclamation is considered unclear and transparent, including the Permits issued without regard to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Since 1995, the Jakarta Bay Reclamation, as part of coastal area management, has had advantage and disadvantages at the same time. The advantage is in order to create a new center of economic growth based on services and creative economy and suppress housing development in South Jakarta which should be used as a water catchment area. The disadvantages are that it causes environmental and ecosystem damage and damages the livelihoods of fishermen and communities on the North Coast of Jakarta. This paper describes the lack of conformity among environmental, social, and policy aspects in coastal area management to the Jakarta Bay reclamation. This research will present theories on environmental law compliance especially regarding licensing and spatial planning and discover the ideal rule of law model so that sustainable development can be achieved.

Understanding community awareness of seagrass ecosystem services for their blue carbon conservation in marine protected areas: A case study of Karimunjawa National Park

“…5/2021 on the implementation of risk‐based utilization permits, as a type of marine spatial management along with other utilizations such as tourism (Estradivari et al, 2022), reclamation activity in Indonesia is often seen as a threat. For example, in Bali on the Benoa Bay project, people opposed reclamation because it threatens several sacred sites (Tans, 2021), and in Jakarta Bay, reclamation resulted in disruption of fishing lines, as well as the disappearance of fish resources and their habitat (Adharani et al, 2019). A study by Unsworth, Ambo‐Rappe, et al (2018) also highlighted coastal development and reclamation as the cause of seagrass loss in Indonesia.…”

Policy Networks: Actors, Interests, and Power Relations in the Jakarta Bay Reclamation Project

“…First, the overlapping and contradictory regulations of the project among different departments, of either the Central Government or Provincial Government of Jakarta (Mutia and Asteria, 2008;Karim n.d.). Second, conflicting economic and political interests among government and other actors underpin the power struggle in the reclamation project (Mutia and Asteria 2008;Mahdi 2017;Rahmawati and Firman 2019;Adharani et al 2019). We argue that the concept of policy networks would offer alternative insights about the issue and thus enrich and further expand the extant policy discourses.…”

Testing and Enhancing the 8R Framework of Responsible Land Management with Documented Strategies and Effects of Land Reclamation Projects in Indonesia

“…For this article, we assume that reclamation is a specific type of land intervention, which comes in different shapes and types, aims at different goals and relies on different kinds of justifications. For example, in Indonesia, the justification for reclamation is often coastal area protection and coastal zone management [23,24]. There are however historically, operationally and thematically additional motives for opting for reclamation projects.…”

“…Part of the reason for this is that justifications for land reclamation projects are either economic [31], political-ideological and symbolical [32][33][34]. Specific to reclamation there have been various publications aiming to assess a sustainability index for reclamation areas [35], which focus on balancing multiple policy, environmental and social impacts [23].…”