Kalimat Pengandaian Bahasa Jepang: Kajian Sintaktis Dan Semantis

Abstract

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan persamaan dan perbedaan bentuk-bentuk pengandaian dalam BJ dari segi sintaktis dan semantis yang dipusatkan pada anak kalimat (S1) dan induk kalimatnya (S2). Hasil analisa data diketahui bahwa keempat bentuk penganadaian BJ digunakan dalam variasi konstruksi yang sama, yaitu: (a) S1-K S2-K; (b) S1-P S2-K, (c) S1-K S2-P, dan S1-P S2-K. Persaman dan perbedaan lainnya adalah (1) V-TO dan V-BA digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian biasa; (2) V-TARA dan V-BA bisa diikuti oleh S2 yang menyatakan kejadian di masa lampau; (3) V-NARA dapat menyatakan bahwa S1 dan S2 terjadi secara bersamaan; (4) V-TARA, V-BA, dan V-TO menyatakan urutan kejadain S1 yang disusul oleh S2 (S1 S2); (5) V-TO menyatakan urutan S1 S2 tanpa ada jeda waktu atau perantara; (6) V-TARA dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa S1 benar-benar telah terwujud; (7) V-TO tidak bisa diikuti S2 yang menyatakan perintah, permohonan, ajakan, maksud, keinginan, larangan, dan saran; dan (8) semua bentuk tersebut bisa diikuti S2 yang menyatakan kemungkinan, dugaan, atau pendapat peribadi penutur. Kata kunci: kalimat pengandaian, bentuk V-BA, bentuk V-TO, bentuk V-TARA, bentuk V-NARA AbstractThis study tried to describe the similarities and the differences of Japanese conditional patterns from the perspectives of syntax and semantics. The results reveal that the four Japanese conditional patterns are used in similar variations and constructions, namely (a) S1-K S2-K; (b) S1-P S2-K, (c) S1-K S2-P, and S1-P S2-K. Other equations and differences expose several facts. (1) The patterns of V-TO and V-BA are used to declare a general conditional. (2) The patterns of V-TARA and V-BA can be followed by an S2 that states events in the past. (3) The pattern of V-NARA can express S1 and S2 events that occur simultaneously. (4) The patterns of V-TARA, V-BA, and V-TO state the order of events of S1 and S2 (S1 S2). (5) The pattern of V-TO declares a sequence of activities S1 S2 without any lag time. (6) The pattern of V-TARA can be used to declare an S1 that has actually happened. (7) The pattern of V-TO cannot be followed by S2 that state imperatives, requests, invitations, intention, desire, prohibition, and advice. (8) all four conditionals can be followed by S2 that states the possibility, prediction, or personal opinion of speakers. Keywords: Conditional Sentence, V-BA form, V-TO form, V-TARA form, V-NARA form PENDAHULUAN Kalimat persyaratan atau pengandaian (jouken hyougen) merupakan salah satu materi tata bahasa (bunpou) yang cukup sulit bagi pembelajar bahasa Jepang (BJ) sebagai bahasa asing, termasuk pembelajar BJ di Indonesia. Pengandian dalam BJ diekspresikan dengan menggunakan empat bentuk verba, yaitu verba bentuk kamus ditambah partikel TO (V-TO), verba bentuk BA (V-BA), verba bentuk lampau (bentuk TA) ditambah RA (V-TARA), dan verba bentuk biasa ditambah NARA (V-NARA), yang masing-masing memiliki ciri tersendiri. Persamaan keempat 23

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