AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan persamaan dan perbedaan bentuk-bentuk pengandaian dalam BJ dari segi sintaktis dan semantis yang dipusatkan pada anak kalimat (S1) dan induk kalimatnya (S2). Hasil analisa data diketahui bahwa keempat bentuk penganadaian BJ digunakan dalam variasi konstruksi yang sama, yaitu: (a) S1-K S2-K; (b) S1-P S2-K, (c) S1-K S2-P, dan S1-P S2-K. Persaman dan perbedaan lainnya adalah (1) V-TO dan V-BA digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian biasa; (2) V-TARA dan V-BA bisa diikuti oleh S2 yang menyatakan kejadian di masa lampau; (3) V-NARA dapat menyatakan bahwa S1 dan S2 terjadi secara bersamaan; (4) V-TARA, V-BA, dan V-TO menyatakan urutan kejadain S1 yang disusul oleh S2 (S1 S2); (5) V-TO menyatakan urutan S1 S2 tanpa ada jeda waktu atau perantara; (6) V-TARA dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa S1 benar-benar telah terwujud; (7) V-TO tidak bisa diikuti S2 yang menyatakan perintah, permohonan, ajakan, maksud, keinginan, larangan, dan saran; dan (8) semua bentuk tersebut bisa diikuti S2 yang menyatakan kemungkinan, dugaan, atau pendapat peribadi penutur. Kata kunci: kalimat pengandaian, bentuk V-BA, bentuk V-TO, bentuk V-TARA, bentuk V-NARA AbstractThis study tried to describe the similarities and the differences of Japanese conditional patterns from the perspectives of syntax and semantics. The results reveal that the four Japanese conditional patterns are used in similar variations and constructions, namely (a) S1-K S2-K; (b) S1-P S2-K, (c) S1-K S2-P, and S1-P S2-K. Other equations and differences expose several facts. (1) The patterns of V-TO and V-BA are used to declare a general conditional. (2) The patterns of V-TARA and V-BA can be followed by an S2 that states events in the past. (3) The pattern of V-NARA can express S1 and S2 events that occur simultaneously. (4) The patterns of V-TARA, V-BA, and V-TO state the order of events of S1 and S2 (S1 S2). (5) The pattern of V-TO declares a sequence of activities S1 S2 without any lag time. (6) The pattern of V-TARA can be used to declare an S1 that has actually happened. (7) The pattern of V-TO cannot be followed by S2 that state imperatives, requests, invitations, intention, desire, prohibition, and advice. (8) all four conditionals can be followed by S2 that states the possibility, prediction, or personal opinion of speakers. Keywords: Conditional Sentence, V-BA form, V-TO form, V-TARA form, V-NARA form PENDAHULUAN Kalimat persyaratan atau pengandaian (jouken hyougen) merupakan salah satu materi tata bahasa (bunpou) yang cukup sulit bagi pembelajar bahasa Jepang (BJ) sebagai bahasa asing, termasuk pembelajar BJ di Indonesia. Pengandian dalam BJ diekspresikan dengan menggunakan empat bentuk verba, yaitu verba bentuk kamus ditambah partikel TO (V-TO), verba bentuk BA (V-BA), verba bentuk lampau (bentuk TA) ditambah RA (V-TARA), dan verba bentuk biasa ditambah NARA (V-NARA), yang masing-masing memiliki ciri tersendiri. Persamaan keempat 23

The purpose of this study was to develop the quality of writing in middle-level Japanese language. From the results of the previousl questionnaires distributed, 80% of students found it difficult to develop story ideas into complete writing. The difficulty factor is influenced by the lack of time to develop ideas, beside that internal factors, namely mastery of vocabulary, mastery of sentence pattern structure. This study lasted for one semester at an university in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia with 20 students enrolled in writing classes at semesters 4. The students at the lower proficiency level reviewed peer texts. To examine gains in writing quality, a comparative analysis was conducted on writing samples collected at the beginning and the end of the semester. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to investigate the students' perceptions t of assignments. The findings in this study that the students' results needed to be feedback and evaluation to improve the ability to write Japanese short essays. Therefore, for further research will need to apply peer feedback from peer tutors and evaluation from the teacher itself in order to improve writing skills in writing quality.

This study aimed to describe the similarities and differences in the utterances of irony in Japanese and Indonesian in terms of maxim violations of Leech's (1983) politeness principle. The data in this study were taken from characters' dialogue in 8 Japanese and 9 Indonesian films. The data were collected through listening and note-taking techniques, then were input into a data card. Furthermore, the data were classified according to the type of irony utterance referring to Okamoto's theory ( 2007) and maxim violation referring to politeness principles by Leech (1983). Violation of politeness maxims found in irony utterances in both languages was then compared and contrasted based on the contrastive analysis method. The results showed that there were similarities and differences in Japanese and Indonesian irony utterances based on maxim violation of politeness principles by Leech (1983). The similarities between the utterances of irony in Japanese and Indonesian based on violations of the politeness principle, namely violations of the sympathy maxim, approbation maxim, agreement maxim, tact maxim, and modesty maxim were found in both languages. Meanwhile, the differences in an irony utterance in both languages are based on the violation of politeness principles. The most common violation of the maxims found in the Japanese irony utterance is the violation of the sympathy maxim, while in Indonesian the violation of approbation maxim was the most found in irony utterance. Moreover, in Japanese irony utterances, violation of generosity maxim was found, while in the Indonesian irony utterance, no violation of generosity maxim was found.

This study elaborates the analysis of cultural term translation in the novel Kimi no Suizo wo Tabetai. It was aimed at discovering and classifying cultural terms in the source text (ST) and the target text (TT), and describing and examining the way the translator translates those cultural terms (including translation procedures and translation techniques applied by the translator). This study was a descriptive qualitative study with document analysis as its research method. The data in this study consisted of 113 cultural terms from two versions of the novel: the source text (ST) entitled Kimi no Suizo wo Tabetai and its translated text or the target text (TT) entitled "I Want to Eat Your Pancreas". The result showed that among 113 data, those terms were classified into material culture, social culture, gestures and habits, organizations, and ecology. Meanwhile, translation procedures and translation techniques applied by the translator were notes, borrowing, literal, transposition, generalization, adaptation, particularization, established equivalence, calque, description, amplification, reduction, and modulation with a single translation technique, couplet technique, and triplet technique. The results indicate that the selection of the translation procedure and technique was chosen based on context consideration to write the appropriate terms or words.

Politeness is a rule of behavior that is determined and mutually agreed upon by a certain community so that politeness is also a prerequisite for social behavior. This study aimed to determine politeness strategy in Japanese communication, especially the use of positive politeness strategy in Japanese companies. The data were focused on the utterances that accommodate positive politeness strategy in 'ordering' speech act (meirei) and 'requesting' speech act (irai) in the communication frame in Japanese companies. The method in this study were a case study, literature studies, focus group discussion, and interviews of 22 workers of Japanese companies in Indonesia, with various positions from staff to manager. The results showed that the practice of the directive speech act on ordering (meirei) and requesting (irai), with the positive politeness strategy used by work partners in Japanese companies. The results also showed the merit of using the positive politeness strategy on 'ordering' and 'requesting' speech acts to streamline the communication process at work. The findings of the study have some pedagogical implications, especially to overcome the difficulties faced by Japanese language learners regarding politeness strategy on ordering (meirei) and requesting (irai) speech act. In addition, this study made an effort to improve and streamline the communication skills of Japanese language learners, especially for the purpose of developing communication skills in Japanese companies.